Dr Rana Hamza Shakil thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Agricultural drones allow farmers to monitor crop and livestock conditions from the air to keep watch for potential problems and help optimize field management. There are several functions that farmers and other agribusiness owners can use agricultural drone services for, including: Land imaging. UAVs can be equipped with different data collection sensors, such as RGB, multispectral (MS), hyperspectral or thermal cameras, or Lidar. Plants reflect light at varying levels depending on their chlorophyll content and biomass. The electrochemical sensors aid in the collection, processing, and mapping of the chemical data of the soil. They are usually mounted on specially designed sleds. They supply accurate details required for agriculture. UAV sensors also include Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), which fuse together information from different sensors such as gyroscopes, accelerometers and magnetometers to provide measurements that can be used to calculate orientation and velocity of the drone. Depending on the specific application of the agricultural robot, they could have a combination of position sensors, optical sensors, pressure and temperature sensors, and location sensors. Drones can assist in precision agriculture by performing variety of agricultural tasks including soil health monitoring, seed planting, fertilizer application, crop stress management, irrigation schedule planning, weed management, crop yield management, and weather analysis. Drones equipped with special imaging equipment called Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) use detailed colour information to indicate plant health. This allows farmers to monitor crops as they grow so any problems can be dealt with fast enough to save the plants. Drones are used for field mapping to provide information regarding the irregularities and elevation of the field. This information is essential for gaining knowledge about drainage patterns and dry spots, if any, to optimize the watering of crops. Agricultural drone mapping can clearly identify farm field variations that cause spotty crop performance. These anomalies are often indications of soil variations. Identifying and precisely locating underperforming areas allows farmers to investigate the root cause. Beyond elevating yield potential, multi-rotor drones present a faster, safer application strategy compared to hand spraying. Autonomous loading and distribution capabilities limit human exposure to crop protection solutions, and targeted overhead flight prevents interference with growers or other crops in the field. Drones regularly carry high-resolution cameras, infrared cameras, heat sensors, GPS, sensors that detect movement, and automated license plate readers. These cameras may include facial recognition technology that would make it possible to remotely identify individuals from a distance without their knowledge. Drones are also being used to monitor and map vegetation, particularly in areas that are difficult to access, such as steep slopes, dense forests, and wetlands. This information can be used to study environmental changes, such as deforestation, and develop conservation and restoration strategies.