Dear Mohammad Esmaeili,

Look the linkç maybe useful.

file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/user/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%20%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B/Downloads/ubicomm_2015_4_30_10122.pdf

https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1610/1610.01953.pdf

Regards, SHafagat

Dear Mohammad,

a WSN as an IoT part should be able to repair or even avoid some node failures as well as various faulty situations. There are two principles of self-healing: reactive self-healing and proactive self-healing.

In reactive self-healing, an attempt is made to identify and locate the faulty system components. Then an attempt is made to compensate for the failed functions as far as possible. To enable reactive self-healing in a WSN, some redundancy (redundant nodes, redundant wireless connections) must be "built-in" in the WSN. Reactive self-healing in a WSN means that fault tolerance or even fault tolerance can be activated.

Proactive self-healing attempts to monitor and manage a WSN to prevent possible overloads or failures of system components.

Self-healing in a WSN can be supported using the RPL routing protocols. See my presentation of RPL - and there the Figures 8361, 8363 and 8366.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320244798_RPL_-_IPv6_Routing_Protocol_for_LLNs

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320255043_The_Figures_to_the_IoT_Routing_Protocol_RPL

The use of RPL in a physical WSN results in the formation of a tree-like and loop-less logical net in the form of a DODAG (Destination-Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph) (see Figure 8361). Multiple DODAGs can be used in one physical WSN (s. Fig. 8363). In RPL, a physical WSN forms an RPL instance. If multiple DODAGs have been formed in a physical WSN, then some nodes are multi-DODAG nodes, and these are reachable over multiple routes (see Figure 8363). The self-healing in a WSN, for example, after the failure of a node can be done by a redirection (second route) to a multi-DODAG node

respectively.

To enable reactive self-healing in a WPN using RPL, one should set up multiple DODAGs in a physical WSN so that important nodes are multi-DODAG nodes. These multi-DODAG nodes may still be reachable after the failure of some nodes through the replacement routes.

Special enhancements of RPL (for example: the ability to repair the topology in case of failure, multi-path solutions for RPL) can also help self-healing enable; see here:

N. Khelifi, W. Kammoun and H. Youssef: Efficiency of the RPL repair mechanisms for Low Power and Lossy Networks, International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference, Nicosia, 2014

Q. Le, T. Ngo-Quynh and T. Magedanz: RPL-based Multipath Routing Protocols for Internet of Things on Wireless Sensor Networks, International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Communications, Oct. 2014;

M. A. Lodhi; A. Rehman, M. M. Khan and F. B. Hussain: Multiple Path RPL for Low Power Lossy Networks, IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Wireless and Mobile, Aug. 2015

B. Ghaleb, A. Al-Dubai, E. Ekonomou, I. Wadhaj: A New Enhanced RPL Based Routing for Internet of Things , IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops), May 2017

Good luck and best regards

Anatol Badach