Hi, I think it depends where you want to publish your manuscript. Have a look at the website of the journal(s). Cheers, Nadine

http://www.johnsquirelibrary.org.uk/guides/referencing.htm

Hi,

I think to give references for our article and research work is must. You can also write Endnote for your research work by enclosing evidences thereof. These are two standard methods in research work.

Dear Merish .S i have added an attachment for your reference.

Dear Merish .S i have added an attachment for your reference. Both are standard references. It is depends upon the individual Publications guidelines.

I think your real question is "What is the standard referencing style for Medicine?" Go here: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7282/

to read "Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition."

Vancouver style is recommended by The Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR.Medical University. Otherwise you have to follow the standard style recommended by the journals in which you want to publish your articles.

Generally there are two reference style: the author-publication year system, and the sequence coding system. The former is to add the cited authors and publication year behind the citation, and the latter is to add a number behind the citation and the coding number is in sequence from the beginning to the end.

Many English journals use the author-publication year system, but each journal may habe some subtle difference in the citation style and in the reference indexing style. So the authors need to read the Guides to Authors when preparing manuscript for submission to the object journal.

In this era of internet and things being so fast, the most followed referencing style for publishing in a medical journal is is Vancouver style. Many universities are following the Harvard style but quite a number of universities have started following Vancouver style for the theses submitted to them.

Vancouver style is 'writer friendly' while Harvard style is 'Reader/supervisor friendly'. Probably because of this, the writer/student likes Vancouver style and the supervisor/checker favors Harvard style. The two styles are the most favorite though there are a number of referencing styles available and widely used for scientific writing.

Everything has to do with what field you are publishing in and the submission requirement of the journals that you want to publish in. Usually all of this information is listed in the submission guidelines so you won't need to wonder which one to use. So I would not say there is any one standard because all of these are standards. It all depends on what you are doing and where you are doing it.

If you use Endnote, there are over 700 referencing styles. This is not to say that you must be confused as to which one to choose. SOme universities recommend one style of reference to be used as astandard, while others will recommend another. As to conferences and journals, each of them tendsto impose a particular publication format with a particular style of referencing.

As per journal format, since all have different ways - though we must have a common and only 1 standard format

Ian and Kuldeep set it out well - referencing style depends on discipline and journal.

And it may even depend on the whims of referees, lecturers and supervisors!

Ian said it very well. There is no standard. it depends on journals. Actually there is no choice we can make. Journals ask the authors to write in one of styles.

Referencing style purely depends on discipline and journal.

Referencing style purely depends on discipline and journal. but which is easy for Researcher and for write and understand also-

But easy style is to write end of the research article.

Dr. Vedashree

I agree with Ruchi, there must be a standard reference style. I understand, it vary from discipline to discipline. But, at least there should be some consistency within a subject area.

However, i am also very much confused as to what is the need for so many reference styles. Can anyone here kindly explain this to me. I would be highly thankful.

Dear Colleagues,

A wish for a standard reference is very difficult to fulfill. The various disciplines developed differing standards not because they wanted to reinvent the wheel or because they are completely ignorant (though sometimes this may apply) but because they have very different needs.

The uniform referencing would be advantageous even for publishers, but to create such a format, however, you would need a very large panel discussion including very many disciplines.

I had the opportunity to publish in various fields and to edit some volumes and therefore I have some understanding for the different formats.

I have problems to figure out how to make the format uniform if I consider contributions of e.g., veterinary science, geochemistry, cartography, geodesy, particle physics (300+ authors!), astronomy, ecology, and, especially geography, philosophy, economy, history, linguistics, etc.

For journal papers it would be relatively easy to create some uniform style but even in this case you may compare the AGU-style citations and other more conventional ones. How to make that uniform? (Database managers suffer enough to store all that, believe me.)

But the real thing is to consider the various abstract volumes, proceedings, books, book series, maps, databank citations (e.g., SRTM, NUVEL, astronomy data), guidelines, reports (published by organizations like IEEE, UNO, IPCC), official standards, etc.

I have written a longer contribution about this at RG a year ago in this thread:

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Why_cant_all_the_journals_will_have_one_forum_and_have_one_common_format_for_references (is there a better way to cite that here at RG?)

And by the way, a much simpler, but strongly related problem: is it already possible to write my name (having only two diacriticals that exist in Western European alphabets) correctly in all journals? (My answer is: unfortunately, not.)

Other authors having more complicated diacriticals (Croatian, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Serbian, Ukrainian, Vietnamese, etc.) in their names suffer much more. (Not to mention languages that need transliteration.) Even their papers are sometimes hard to be matched for finding citations.

Of course, I also endorse standards, but only if they do not restrict (or make impossible) to mirror the real life and research. I would happily participate in the development of such common formats that fulfill the requirements. (I am sure, I am not aware of all you may have.)

I appreciate your time spent on reading, thank you and kind regards, Balázs

There are many different ways of citing resources from your research. The citation style sometimes depends on the academic discipline involved. For example:

•APA (American Psychological Association) is used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences

•MLA (Modern Language Association) style is used by the Humanities

•Chicago/Turabian style is generally used by Business, History, and the Fine Arts

http://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp

this is dependent on the template of the journal being used , but the author should used unique style to all references and citations in the paper, in the following some of these templates:

author(s) name(s),"paper title", "journal or conference title, Vol. ( ), No.( ), pp.(from-to ),year.

or

author(s) name(s),"paper title", "journal or conference title, ( ), ( ), (from-to ),year.

or

author(s) name(s),(year),"paper title", "journal or conference title, Vol. ( ), No.( ), pp.(from-to ).

and so on .

you should select one style only from the above mentioned styles in writing your references.

I agree with Israa, must be consistent with one style e.g Vancouver or Harvard and many comment ask that its depends on dicipline than journal template. If medical studies write in bussiness journal, we can ask the reviewer / editor to stick on V than in APA or Harvard. Moreover if the socialization is under the responsibility of medical doctors. Goal make it simple for the next reference citation

In medical science which style will be prefereble....

Vancouver

i try to got answer for same .its very difficult.

JPH-RECODE, a public health journal, stick at Harvard alphabet order, and ask to add several references. I change my end note Vancouver manually and solve the adding inductive refs easily.

In reply to Israa Abdulameer Abduljabbar :

Unfortunately this is not so simple. Most of the colleagues consider the referencing of journal papers, book chapters or perhaps conference proceedings. Their styles varies, but the differences are not so big; the real problem starts when other types of sources are to be referenced.

Here are two good lists that show the depth of the problem:

1st: Victoria University, Melbourne:

http://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/apa-referencing-formats-and-examples

2nd: Pharmaceutical Journal:

https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/for-authors-and-referees/references/how-to-write-a-reference-list/20065684.article?firstPass=false (go down to the List of items)

A nice spectrum of various sources...

Kind regards, Balázs

I feel , it should be one system to be made. it is easier to reader quick understand and easier to referncer for researcher. in Medical journal, APA or vancouver are commonly used .

Dear Brihaspati Sigdel ,

You suggest to create a single system for referencing. I have already written in this thread that it is either not possible or it would be annoying for many of the readers in various disciplines.

It seems you represent the medical science. Some 30 years ago I had the opportunity to work with some colleagues from this discipline, it was an interesting experience (e.g., using Silverplatter at that time!). I realized how well the data are organized for their own purposes.

But, I also had the opportunity to cooperate with archaeologist, geologists, ecologists, soils scientists, astronomers, remote sensing specialists, geographers, cartographers, various types of engineers, meteorologists, physicist and many more. Sometimes, to achieve the understanding between them is already a great deal. For a physicist a map worth nothing, and will not understand why to cite an archive map and why to count citations for a compiled map. For them what is not published in a journal, worth nothing. An ecologist, geomorphologist or a soil scientist would find that obvious that a compiled map contains much of information, often much more than a paper. These specialists, however, would not understand a paper that has 1000+ authors (like LHC papers). For an archaeologist it is obvious to refer to the page number where the cited statement is found (they typically write and cite books, and other volumes), any natural scientist would find it ridiculous. Physicist would not consider to publish in a proceedings of a conference (and avoid citing it), whereas engineers cannot wait for the slow journals: the development is much faster, so they prefer to publish in proceedings. For a specialist of environmental history a painting of the 17th century is a very good source to be referred to, for other scientist this may seem to be an odd idea.

All these behaviours have good reasons. And it is good so. If you ever have created a database of your own (more than 2000 data), then you experienced the pain of categorization as you lose information while you are doing that.

I do think that some convergence can be achieved, however, a uniform system that serves the interests of all researchers is hardly possible.

Kind regards, Balázs

Dear Balazs Szekely

Thank you for your kind discription and elaboration. After going through depth of topic, i feel its difficult to make one reference system which you explained. Different scientist, different journal and book keep their own style what they prefer and what schooling they follow .

nice

Regards

Dr. Brihaspati sigdel

I agree with you Sir, this is a great concern if researchers are to maintain credible and consistent bibliographic control. It is clear many people tress and strain in referencing and citation task. An excellent web-based tool will solve some of these challenges. they support searching, collating and style issues in a defined style that makes it easy to manipulate between standard as the publisher demands without burning the candlelight reorganizing from APA to IEEE, to Havard Vancouver or Chicago the discipline, university of the journal may require. Try Mendeley or Zotero it will help sort this challenge that takes a lot of time from the actual research@ Balázs Székely

Dear Dr. Mary Njeri Wachira,

Thank you for your suggestions of using Mendeley or Zotero. However, it seems that I could not explain properly my point of view of the problem.

A couple of years ago we found an extensive syllabus (ca. 100 pages) of a university that tried to summarize all kinds of citations. (We were happy because one of our paper was mentioned as a good example how to cite a historical map.)

The problem here is not the citation of a journal paper or a chapter of a book. Even if you consider the types defined in BibTeX (especially the types misc, techreport, unpublished), you would get closer to the problem.

I am not aware of an accepted standard how to cite/refer to

• a historical map or a globe
• a painting (less known, but known like The waterfall at Jajce of Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka)
• a photo in a collection (NOT in a published paper)
• a folk song
• a given place on Mars, on Io, on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
• the wall paintings of Altamira or in an Egyptian pyramid or alike
• (forged) decrees of various rulers
• a (less well-known) classic sculpture or relief of a(n un)known sculptor
• (a position in) an archaeological excavation.

If you think now that all this is not necessary then you probably have never seen e.g., a paper on environmental history or on features of a celestial body.

We have even a problem in an apparently simple case when there is a collection of papers published on a CD-ROM, but the editors of that work did not introduce IDs or numbering of the papers, and all papers start with page number 1.

I think the standardization of even simpler cases is difficult and this has good reasons.

Kind regards, Balázs

APA style is popular for scientific periodicals. As a functionality in MS Word is also very reliable and useful for keeping and updating bibliographical data bases.

The APA style is very popular in international scientific publications, although each country has its own characteristics and requirements for the design of the bibliography.

I think it depends on your research domain, although APA seems the most popular.

I would recommend you write in LaTeX and use BibTeX for referencing. Once your references are in .bib format, you can choose from a large number of bibliography styles for your list of references. In order to build your bibliographys data base, you can use the free JabRef software.

https://www.jabref.org/

Here a list of various bibliography styles: https://www.complexfluids.ethz.ch/images/bibstyles/

Elsevier-Scopus ask Vancouver. Wiley also, most medical journal too. If not in medical Journal, follow what the editor/journal want. Save in your Mendeley, and you can change to many types, corresponding what the journal want. The sequence number are depends to first are cited etc.

Once, a public health journal, ask for alphabetise sequentially the family name of the author, and I realised, it is easier to add references. So, follow the editor and publisher.

APA style is very popular in international scientific publications, else it mostly depends on the journal that what style they prefer.

The writing style called APA (American Psychological Association) is most commonly used in psychology, education, and the social sciences. While there are exceptions, APA tends to work better with scholarly or academic text that is written in a more formal style.

APA style has three parts:

1. The document itself. In APA style, the paper is called an “article” and is made up of a title page, abstract, main text, references, and appendices.

2. The title page. The title page contains the title of the article, the name of the author(s), the name of the organization or company, and the date of submission. There is also an author-date citation style, where the author’s last name and the year of publication are each listed.

3. The abstract. The abstract is a short summary of the main points of the article and should not exceed 250 words. The abstract should be in sentence form and should be written in the third person.

The main text. The main text of the article is divided into sections that are numbered (e.g., section 1). Each section should begin with a heading, and each heading should be centered.

References. References are a complete list of all the sources, books, and journal articles, which the author has used to prepare their paper. Reference lists appear at the end of your document, and they should ideally begin with the author’s name, then the publication year, the title of the article, and then a page number. Each reference should be listed on its own line between double quotation marks, and there should be one space after the author’s name, and one space after the title of the article, and one space after the page number.

https://typeset.io/resources/the-fundamentals-of-journal-citation-a-complete-guide-for-researchers/

This is depending on the journal policy, there is no standard form for the referencing.