ASR is known to cause expansion and cracking in RC members, leading to diminished mechanical properties for concrete.

The question to which extent does these reductions extend?

Specifically:

1. What is the depth of cracks? is it at the surface only? does crack extend to the unconfined concrete cover? or can it even go beyond the cover? or something else?

2. Similarly, what is region of RC member section affected by ASR damage? is the whole section or the outer boundaries of the section?

I would be grateful if anyone can shed some light on these question.