Anitha Roshan Sagarkar Although the said were exactly correct, not in all cases the results with p value and confidence can be relied upon directly. However, it is important to note that they should not be the sole determinants of reliability.

Assessing the risk of bias (RoB) is also essential when evaluating clinical trial outcomes. Studies with a high risk of bias should be approached cautiously, as their results may be less reliable, potentially reflecting errors or systematic issues. Conversely, even if a study's p-value indicates statistical insignificance, it can still be worth considering for clinical application if the risk of bias is low, and the sample size is robust. In such cases, a well-designed trial with minimal bias may offer more credible and actionable insights, supporting clinical replication despite the lack of statistical significance.

It is important that clinical trials report both the p-value and the confidence interval. It is added value if they also report the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). This is the smallest change in a treatment outcome that a patient would consider important and that would warrant a change in their medical management. It is a patient-centered concept that considers both the magnitude of the improvement and the value patients place on the change, i.e. clinical significance.