The actions of soil organisms are extremely important for maintaining healthy soils. These organisms can change the physical organization of soil by creating burrows, can add nutrients to the soil through the breakdown of dead leaves, and can help to control the populations of other soil organisms. These microbes regulate nutrient cycling, regulation of dynamic of soil organic matter, and enhance efficiency of nutrient acquisition. The symbionts of microbes enhance the efficiency of nutrient acquisition of nutrient and water by plants. Microorganisms have the potential to improve plant growth under abiotic stress conditions by promoting the production of low-molecular-weight osmolytes, such as glycinebetaine, proline, and other amino acids, mineral phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, organic acids, and producing key enzymes. There are five different types of soil microbes: bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, protozoa and nematodes. Each of these microbe types has a different job to boost soil and plant health.

Microbes can make nutrients and minerals in the soil available to plants, produce hormones that spur growth, stimulate the plant immune system and trigger or dampen stress responses. In general a more diverse soil microbiome results in fewer plant diseases and higher yield. Microorganisms play an important role in the nutrient cycle. Some bacteria secrete phytochemicals and organic acids that are helpful in the growth and development of plants. Microorganisms help maintain soil pH but balance nutrients and minerals. Soil microbes are the most important candidature for enhancing soil fertility and health. The plant growth promoting microbes and arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) are used for enhancing plant growth and yields of agricultural crops under normal and stress conditions. Due to their close proximity to plant roots, soil microbes significantly affect soil and crop health. Some of the activities they perform include nitrogen-fixation, phosphorus solubilization, suppression of pests and pathogens, improvement of plant stress, and decomposition that leads to soil aggregation. Within food plant cropping systems, microorganisms provide vital functions and ecosystem services, such as biological pest and disease control, promotion of plant growth and crop quality, and biodegradation of organic matter and pollutants. Microorganisms have potential roles to play in sustainable agricultural production due to their ability to promote plant growth and enhance biotic and abiotic stress resistance, remediate contaminated soils, recycle nutrients, manage soil fertility, and weather and mineralize rocks.

Soil organisms are living organisms that inhabit the soil and perform various functions that affect soil development and crop production. Soil organisms include bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, nematodes, arthropods, earthworms, and other invertebrates.

Soil organisms play an important role in soil development by:

• Decomposing organic matter and releasing nutrients and carbon dioxide into the soil
• Cycling nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and iron through various biochemical processes
• Forming soil aggregates and improving soil structure, porosity, and water retention
• Creating soil pores and channels that enhance water infiltration and drainage
• Altering soil pH and redox potential by producing acids or bases
• Weathering minerals and rocks and releasing elements into the soil solution
• Synthesizing organic compounds such as humus, enzymes, antibiotics, and hormones

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Soil organisms also play an important role in crop production and soil health by:

• Enhancing plant growth and yield by providing nutrients, hormones, and biocontrol agents
• Fixing atmospheric nitrogen into plant-available forms through symbiotic or free-living bacteria
• Solubilizing insoluble phosphates and other minerals through acid production or chelation
• Suppressing plant pathogens and pests by competing, parasitizing, or producing antibiotics
• Improving plant resistance and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses by inducing systemic acquired resistance or priming
• Degrading organic pollutants such as pesticides, herbicides, and hydrocarbons by enzymatic or co-metabolic processes
• Sequestering carbon and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions by storing organic carbon or reducing nitrous oxide production

Thanks Dear Fayaz Hussain for participating in the discussion.

Microorganisms have the potential to improve plant growth under abiotic stress conditions by promoting the production of low-molecular-weight osmolytes, such as glycinebetaine, proline, and other amino acids, mineral phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, organic acids, and producing key enzymes. Soil microorganisms are responsible for most of the nutrient release from organic matter. When microorganisms decompose organic matter, they use the carbon and nutrients in the organic matter for their own growth. They release excess nutrients into the soil where they can be taken up by plants. Soil microbial dynamics determine the potentiality of soil crop productivity. While the interaction of plant and microbes is major factor for controlling ecosystem functioning, these plant–microbes interactions vary greatly and depend upon availability of nutrient. The actions of soil organisms are extremely important for maintaining healthy soils. These organisms can change the physical organization of soil by creating burrows, can add nutrients to the soil through the breakdown of dead leaves, and can help to control the populations of other soil organisms. Microorganisms play an important role in the nutrient cycle. Some bacteria secrete phytochemicals and organic acids that are helpful in the growth and development of plants. Microorganisms help maintain soil pH but balance nutrients and minerals. The various microorganisms used as nitrogen-supplying biofertilizers are Rhizobium spp., Actinorhizobium spp., Azotobacter spp., and Azospirillum spp. They are mainly used for leguminous crops, but the products are used to grow other crops as well, especially rice and sugarcane. As microorganisms help break down organic matter, they release essential nutrients and carbon dioxide into the soil, fix nitrogen and help transform nutrients into mineral forms that plants can use through a process as mineralization. Most numerous of the soil microbes are bacteria the actinomycetes, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses. Nematodes also play a role. Each group of soil microbes has different characteristics that define the organisms and different functions in the soil it lives in. Microorganisms have potential roles to play in sustainable agricultural production due to their ability to promote plant growth and enhance biotic and abiotic stress resistance, remediate contaminated soils, recycle nutrients, manage soil fertility, and weather and mineralize rocks and other abilities.