· Food courses for poultry It is necessary to differentiate between dietary requirements and dietary courses. The need for birds of a food component is the minimum amount needed by the bird of the element to grow and multiply in a normal state and at the same time to prevent the emergence of symptoms of nutritional deficiencies when the availability of other nutrients in sufficient quantities. The nutritional decisions of any ingredient are the quantity that is recommended to be given from a food component and is usually greater than the food requirements for the following reasons: 1 - the difference in food consumption within the herd, producing birds consume larger quantities of unprocessed birds, and males consume more feed than And food consumption is affected by many environmental factors such as temperature and humidity variations. Therefore, it is recommended to change the concentrations of nutrients in birds feed in summer and winter. 2 - Different chemical composition of feed materials and a large number of factors that affect the content of nutrients in the plant of the conditions of agriculture and the stage of maturity and injuries and disease and agricultural transactions and the type of soil and others. 3. Environmental conditions surrounding the animal from heat and moisture play an important role in food needs because of their direct role in influencing food consumption rates. 4. Bird breeding methods, both on land and in cages, play an important role in determining the needs of food birds. Birds fed in batteries or cages have higher nutritional requirements than those found on the ground, where birds found on the ground have been shown to have the ability to reuse Recycle 5 - 10% of the food from the mattress and resulting in glaucoma, which leads to the completion of part of the food needs, but it should be noted that increased consumption of the mattress leads to the phenomenon of malabsorption Malabsorption in birds because of some harmful organisms that lead to inflammation of the intestine and impede the absorption of food. For the above reasons, it is recommended to raise the requirements by 10% to overcome these factors. Therefore, the nutritional requirements are lower than the dietary requirements. For example, the difference in the content of the yellow maize of the protein, differences vary from 7.5 - 10.5%, as well as in many other feed materials Affecting the protein content of feed. And environmental factors affect the nutritional needs of some elements, for example, birds exposed to the sun, their nutritional needs of vitamin D less than birds that are not exposed to the sun. Therefore, these factors should be taken into account when estimating the nutritional decisions of poultry or poultry. It is also necessary to consider the purpose for which poultry feed, whether for growth, meat production, egg production or hatching eggs, as well as the prices of feed materials, and the nutritional content and availability of feed materials during the year. In general, food should supply birds with adequate amounts of protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals and vitamins based on the productive objective of either egg production or meat production. Nutrition is considered to be economical in meeting the need of birds for protein, energy, fat, vitamins and minerals according to the production rates or growth rates of birds. In dietary decisions too much for higher prices of diets. In other words, the economics of nutrition do not recommend the use of protein as a source of energy in birds' diets. Therefore, And avoid the increase while the price of cheap carbohydrates can fulfill the same purpose better, also used fat as an energy source in the composition of poultry diets increased from 2-8% of the feed. The need for birds of vitamins and mineral salts should be met according to the productive purpose of the birds in order to ensure maximum utilization of food. It has been shown that poultry high productivity of eggs can not be used to determine the diet with it and therefore prefer to feed poultry in general, whether developing or whitening method of feed-free Ad-libtium for food, as the specific feeding method has proved to be insufficient in the case of table stew and egg whites, except Feeding the mothers of meat chicks that feed on the restricted feeding system because the feeding system for satiety reduces the productive and reproductive efficiency of mothers of meat chicks, as these mothers have a great love of food (the phenomenon of drowsiness) leading to obesity obesity, which reduces the rates of production performance and efficiency Asli. Therefore, in the development of food courses for different types of poultry to pay special attention to the provision of energy, protein, mineral salts and vitamins in sufficient quantities to meet the rapid growth or high production of eggs and the provision of adequate energy and the appropriate proportion between energy and protein in poultry poultry is the most important to consider when the composition of diets Poultry. The expression of dietary needs varies according to the number of individuals who do not appear to have symptoms of nutritional deficiencies as follows: 1 - Minimum nutritional requirements Minimum requirements Minimum of any food component must be available for the continuation of life and lack of symptoms of deficiency. 2. Average dietary requirements Average food requirements covering 50% of individuals. 3 - Group requirements Group requirements above the average and minimum and cover 97% of individuals. 4. Recommended requirements cover the needs of the entire community as well as the differences between individuals, whether due to the feeding system - bird behavior - the rates of body absorption - birds and meager and weak so as not to show the symptoms of the disease in any individual. 5. Recommended requirements Higher than recommended and recommended by the NRC and taking into consideration what is lost from various nutrients during the process of manufacturing and mixing (20-25% loss)

thank you for opinion

Growing and egg laying poultry both need protein (amino acids) and energy next to minerals, vitamins and micro elements in their diets. It depends on the diet composition which one will be the first limiting factor.

Given the costs of the different feedstuffs, essential amino acids (especially methionine and lysine) or energy are often the first limiting factors.

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S. NAZ, M. IDRIS, M.A. KHALIQUE, ZIA-UR-RAHMAN, I.A. ALHIDARY, M.M. ABDELRAHMAN, R.U. KHAN, N. CHAND, U. FAROOQ and S. AHMAD. The activity and use of zinc in poultry diets. World's Poultry Science Journal, 72, pp 159-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0043933915002755