Biodiversity is the key indicator of the health of an ecosystem. A wide variety of species will cope better with threats than a limited number of them in large populations. Even if certain species are affected by pollution, climate change or human activities, the ecosystem as a whole may adapt and survive. Ecosystem resilience is the ability of an ecosystem to absorb change and return to the same equilibrium state after a temporary disturbance. Ecosystems with higher species diversity tend to be more resilient. Ecosystem resilience is the inherent ability to absorb various disturbances and reorganize while undergoing state changes to maintain critical functions. Greater biodiversity in ecosystems, species, and individuals leads to greater stability. As species with high genetic diversity and many populations that are adapted to a wide variety of conditions are more likely to be able to weather disturbances, disease, and climate change. The main and most important factors in ecosystem resilience are namely: redundancy and modularity. Ecological redundancy is the functional compensation due to several species which perform similar functions in an ecosystem.

I do not mean to be rude or insult you, but you fill up the question section with many long tedious questions that are almost impossible to answer. No-one really answers them except for you! If you know the answers, why ask? I don't know your purpose, but you're making it very hard to find other researchers' genuine questions. Can I suggest that you ask only a few simple genuine questions that you actually require answers to? Thanks, Andrew :)

Dr Andrew Paul McKenzie Pegman thank you for your contribution to the discussion