The most abundant mineral in ocean water is chloride. It makes up about 55% of the dissolved materials in seawater, primarily found as chloride ions (Cl-).
The interaction between the atmosphere and the hydrosphere (oceans) is the main driver of most surface ocean currents. This happens through a combination of factors:Wind: Winds blowing across the ocean's surface transfer energy, creating currents. Strong and persistent winds can generate large-scale gyres (circular currents). Solar heating: The sun unevenly heats the ocean's surface. Warmer waters expand and become less dense, while colder waters contract and become denser. These density differences drive surface currents. Salinity: Differences in salt concentration (salinity) also affect water density. Saltier water is denser and can sink, creating currents.
These atmospheric forces push and pull on the ocean surface, initiating currents that circulate warm and cold water around the globe, influencing global climate patterns.