Many theorems were noted in which describe and explain the heat transfer mechanism of flowing nanofluid in pipes, which one of them is more acceptable?
Dear Prof. Khaled;
let me give a long answer. In general the two theorems are important and the enhancement in the thermo-physical properties of the nanofluids depends on many parameters.
In particle-fluid mixtures, the liquid molecules close to a particle surface form layered structures and behave much like a solid. The thickness of this aligned solid-like layer of liquid molecules at the interface is at a magnitude of nanometer, but this nanolayer might play an important role in heat transport from solid to adjacent liquid. In 2003 Yu and Choi [1] noted that this nanolayer acts as a thermal bridge between the solid nanoparticle and the bulk liquid and so it is a key to enhance the thermal conductivity. From this thermally bridging nanolayer idea, a structural model of nanofluids that consists of solid nanoparticles, a bulk liquid and solid-like nanolayer is hypothesized as shown in Figure 1 in the attached file.
Since the thermal conductivity is one of the important parameters for heat transfer enhancement, most of the studies that were made to investigate the thermophysical behaviour of nanofluids focused on their thermal conductivities. From the experimental results of many researchers, it is known that the thermal conductivity of nanofluids depends on parameters including the followings [2];
Brownian motion
The mixing effect created by the Brownian motion of the nanoparticles is an important reason for the large thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluids compared with the thermal conductivity of the base fluid [3-5].
Particle volume concentration
The general trend is that the thermal conductivity enhancement increases with increasing [2, 6-15]. Figure 2 illustrates sample of experimental evidence for thermal conductivity enhancement ratio. However, the relation was found linear behaviour in some studies [2, 6, 8, 9, 11] and nonlinear behaviour in others [10, 12-14].
Particle size
The general trend in the experimental data is that the thermal conductivity of nanofluids increases with decreasing particle size [6, 8, 16-18]. This trend is theoretically supported by two mechanisms of thermal conductivity enhancement: Brownian motion of nanoparticles and liquid layering around nanoparticles [16, 19-22].
Base fluid material
Results showed an enhancement in the thermal conductivity for lower thermal conductivity fluids [22-24].
Temperature
The trend of all experiments shows an enhancement in the thermal conductivity with increasing temperature as shown in Figure 3 [18, 21, 25-27].
Particle shape
All of the results indicate that elongated particles are superior to spherical for thermal conductivity enhancement [2, 11, 12, 28].
References
[1] W. Yu and S.U.S. Choi, “The role of Interfacial Layers in the Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids: A Renovated Maxwell Model”, Journal of Nanoparticle Research vol. 5, pp. 167–171, 2003.
[2] S. Özerinç, S. Kakaç and A.G. Yazıcıoğlu, “Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids: A State-of-the-Art Review”, Microfluid Nanofluid, vol. 8(2), pp. 145–170, 2010.
[3] P. Bhattacharya, S.K. Saha, A. Yadav, P.E. Phelan and R.S. Prasher, “Brownian Dynamics Simulation to Determine the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids”, J. Appl. Phys., vol. 95(11), pp. 6492–6494, 2004.
[4] R. Prasher, P. Bhattacharya and P.E. Phelan, “Thermal Conductivity of Nanoscale Colloidal Solutions (Nanofluids)”, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 94(2), 025901, 2005.
[5] C. Li and G. Peterson, “Mixing Effect on the Enhancement of the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Nanoparticle Suspensions (Nanofluids)”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 50(23–24), pp. 4668–4677, 2007.
[6] S. Lee, S.U.S. Choi, S. Li and J.A. Eastman, “Measuring Thermal Conductivity of Fluids Containing Oxide Nanoparticles”, J. Heat Transfer, vol. 121, pp. 280–289, 1999.
[7] J. Koo and C. Kleinstreuer, “A New Thermal Conductivity Model for Nanofluids”, Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 6, pp. 577–588, 2004.
[8] H. Masuda, A. Ebata, K. Teramae and N. Hishinuma, “Alteration of Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity of Liquid by Dispersing Ultra-Fine Particles (Dispersion of γ–Al2O3, SiO2, and TiO2 Ultra-Fine Particles)”, Netsu Bussei, vol. 4(4), pp. 227–233, 1993.
[9] X. Wang, S.U.S. Choi and X.Xu, “Thermal Conductivity of Nanoparticle-Fluid Mixture”, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, vol. 13(4), pp. 474–480, 1999.
[10] S.U.S. Choi, Z.G. Zhang, W. Yu, F.E. Lockwood and E.A. Grulke, “Anomalous Thermal Conductivity Enhancement in Nanotube Suspensions”, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 79(14), pp. 2252–2254, 2001.
[11] H. Xie, J. Wang, T. Xi and Y. Liu, “Thermal Conductivity of Suspensions Containing Nanosized SiC Particles”, International Journal of Thermophysics, vol. 23(2), pp. 571–580, 2002.
[12] S.M.S. Murshed, K. Leong and C. Yang, “Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of TiO2-Water Based Nanofluids,” International Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol. 44(4), pp. 367–373, 2005.
[13] T.K. Hong, H.S. Yang and C.J. Choi, “Study of the Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Fe Nanofluids”, Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 97(6), pp. 064311/1–4, 2005.
[14] M. Saeedinia, M.A. Akhavan-Behabadi and P. Razi “Thermal and Rheological Characteristics of CuO–Base Oil Nanofluid Flow inside a Circular Tube”, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 39(1), pp. 152–159, 2012.
[15] Jie Li and Clement Kleinstreuer, “Thermal Performance of Nanofluid Flow in Microchannels”, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, vol. 29, pp. 1221–1232, 2008.
[16] Q. Li and Y. Xuan, “Convective Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics of Cu/Water Nanofluids, Science in China, Series E: Technological Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 408–416, 2002.
[17] S. H. Kim, S. R. Choi and D. Kim, “Thermal Conductivity of Metaloxide Nanofluids: Particle Size Dependence and Effect of Laser Irradiation”, ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 129, pp. 298–307, 2007.
[18] Hrishikesh E. Patel, T. Sundararajan and Sarit K. Das, “An experimental Investigation into the Thermal Conductivity Enhancement In Oxide and Metallic Nanofluids”, Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 12(3), pp 1015–1031, March 2010.
[19] J.A. Eastman, S.U.S. Choi , S. Li, W. Yu and L.J. Thompson, “Anomalously Increased Effective Thermal Conductivities of Ethylene Glycol-Based Nanofluids Containing Copper Nanoparticles,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 78(6), pp. 718–720, 2001.
[20] M. Chopkar, P.K. Das and I. Manna, “Synthesis and Character Ization of Nanofluid for Advanced Heat Transfer Applications”, Scripta Mater., vol. 55(6), pp. 549–552, 2006.
[21] Honorine Angue Mintsa, Gilles Roy and Cong Tam Nguyen, “New Temperature Dependent Thermal Conductivity Data of Water Based Nanofluids”, Proceedings of the 5th IASME/WSEAS Int. Conference on Heat Transfer, Thermal Engineering and Environment, Athens, Greece, August 25–27, 2007.
[22] M. Chopkar, S. Sudarshan, P. Das and I. Manna, “Effect of Particle Size on Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluid”, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, vol. 39(7), pp. 1535–1542, 2008.
[23] H. Xie, J. Wang, T. Xi, Y. Liu and F. Ai, “Dependence of the Thermal Conductivity of Nanoparticle -Fluid Mixture on the Base Fluid”, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., vol. 21(19), pp. 1469–1471, 2002.
[24] D. Lee, “Thermophysical Properties of Interfacial Layer in Nanofluids”, Langmuir, vol. 23(11), pp. 6011–6018, 2007.
[25] S.K. Das, N. Putra, P. Thiesen and W. Roetzel, “Temperature Dependence of Thermal Conductivity Enhancement for Nanofluids”, J. Heat Transfer, vol. 125(4), pp. 567–574, 2003.
[26] C.H. Li and G.P. Peterson, “Experimental Investigation of Temperature and Volume Fraction Variations on the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Nanoparticle Suspensions (Nanofluids)”, J. Appl. Phys., vol. 99(8), 084314, 2006.
[27] Elena V. Timofeeva, Wenhua Yu, David M. France, Dileep Singh and Jules L. Routbort, “Base Fluid and Temperature Effects on the Heat Transfer Characteristics of SiC in Ethylene Glycol/H2O and H2O Nanofluids”, Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 109, 014914, 2011.
[28] E.V. Timofeeva, J.L. Routbort and D. Singh, “Particle Shape Effects on Thermophysical Properties of Alumina Nanofluids”, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 106(1), 014304, 2009.
[29] L.P. Zhou and B.X. Wang, “Experimental Research on the Thermophysical Properties of Nanoparticle Suspensions using the Quasi-Steady Method”, Annual Proceeding of Chinese Engineering Thermophysics, pp. 889–892, 2002.
[30] C.H. Chon, K.D. Kihm, S.P. Lee and S.U.S. Choi, “Empirical Correlation Finding the Role of Temperature and Particle Size for Nanofluid (Al2O3) Thermal Conductivity Enhancement”, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 87(15107), pp. 1–3, 2005.
[31] H.E. Patel, S.K. Das, T. Sundararajan, A.S. Nair, B. George, T. Pradeep, “Thermal Conductivities of Naked and Monolayer Protected Metal Nanoparticle Based Nanofluids: Manifestation of Anomalous Enhancement and Chemical Effect”, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 83, pp. 2931–2933, 2003.
[32] H.Q. Xie, J.C. Wang, T.G. Xi, Y. Liu, F. Ai and Q. Wu, “Thermal Conductivity of Suspensions Containing Nanosized Alumina Particles”, Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 91(7), pp. 4568–4572, 2002.
[33] D. Wen and Y. Ding, “Experimental Investigation into Convective Heat Transfer of Nanofluids at the Entrance Region under Laminar Flow Conditions”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 47(24), pp. 5181–5188, 2004.
[34] S.M.S. Murshed, K.C. Leong and C. Yang, “A Model for Predicting the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Nanoparticle-Fluid Suspensions”, International Journal of Nanoscience vol. 5, pp. 23–33, 2006.
[35] S.M.S. Murshed, K.C. Leong and C. Yang, “Investigations of Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity of Nanofluids. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol. 47(5), 560–568, 2008.
[36] C. H. Li and G. P. Peterson, “The effect of Particle Size on the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Al2O3–Water Nanofluids”, Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 101, 044312, 2007.
Dear Sir,
Nanofluids are fluids including suspensions of particles of Nano size, which had higher thermal characteristics related to the base fluids. As the solid nanoparticles have high thermal conductivity so, the mixture will have a thermal conductivity higher than those liquids. Because of the Nano size of the suspended particles, the mixture can be appropriate heat transfer fluids in different devices automotive and electronic industries
Please see the following paper:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319445996_Enhancement_Heat_Transfer_of_Cu-Water_Nanofluids_with_Thermophysical_Properties_Modeling_by_Artificial_Neural_Network
Good Luck
Article Enhancement Heat Transfer of Cu-Water Nanofluids with Thermo...
Thank you Dr. Ghassan for your nice and clear explanation;
Their are two theorems of to support the nanofluid mechanism (Brownian Motion theorem that based on thermal conductivity) and another theorem suggested that the nanoparticle surrounded by a nanolayer as a shell) which one of them more effective.?
Dear Prof. Khaled;
let me give a long answer. In general the two theorems are important and the enhancement in the thermo-physical properties of the nanofluids depends on many parameters.
In particle-fluid mixtures, the liquid molecules close to a particle surface form layered structures and behave much like a solid. The thickness of this aligned solid-like layer of liquid molecules at the interface is at a magnitude of nanometer, but this nanolayer might play an important role in heat transport from solid to adjacent liquid. In 2003 Yu and Choi [1] noted that this nanolayer acts as a thermal bridge between the solid nanoparticle and the bulk liquid and so it is a key to enhance the thermal conductivity. From this thermally bridging nanolayer idea, a structural model of nanofluids that consists of solid nanoparticles, a bulk liquid and solid-like nanolayer is hypothesized as shown in Figure 1 in the attached file.
Since the thermal conductivity is one of the important parameters for heat transfer enhancement, most of the studies that were made to investigate the thermophysical behaviour of nanofluids focused on their thermal conductivities. From the experimental results of many researchers, it is known that the thermal conductivity of nanofluids depends on parameters including the followings [2];
Brownian motion
The mixing effect created by the Brownian motion of the nanoparticles is an important reason for the large thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluids compared with the thermal conductivity of the base fluid [3-5].
Particle volume concentration
The general trend is that the thermal conductivity enhancement increases with increasing [2, 6-15]. Figure 2 illustrates sample of experimental evidence for thermal conductivity enhancement ratio. However, the relation was found linear behaviour in some studies [2, 6, 8, 9, 11] and nonlinear behaviour in others [10, 12-14].
Particle size
The general trend in the experimental data is that the thermal conductivity of nanofluids increases with decreasing particle size [6, 8, 16-18]. This trend is theoretically supported by two mechanisms of thermal conductivity enhancement: Brownian motion of nanoparticles and liquid layering around nanoparticles [16, 19-22].
Base fluid material
Results showed an enhancement in the thermal conductivity for lower thermal conductivity fluids [22-24].
Temperature
The trend of all experiments shows an enhancement in the thermal conductivity with increasing temperature as shown in Figure 3 [18, 21, 25-27].
Particle shape
All of the results indicate that elongated particles are superior to spherical for thermal conductivity enhancement [2, 11, 12, 28].
References
[1] W. Yu and S.U.S. Choi, “The role of Interfacial Layers in the Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids: A Renovated Maxwell Model”, Journal of Nanoparticle Research vol. 5, pp. 167–171, 2003.
[2] S. Özerinç, S. Kakaç and A.G. Yazıcıoğlu, “Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids: A State-of-the-Art Review”, Microfluid Nanofluid, vol. 8(2), pp. 145–170, 2010.
[3] P. Bhattacharya, S.K. Saha, A. Yadav, P.E. Phelan and R.S. Prasher, “Brownian Dynamics Simulation to Determine the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids”, J. Appl. Phys., vol. 95(11), pp. 6492–6494, 2004.
[4] R. Prasher, P. Bhattacharya and P.E. Phelan, “Thermal Conductivity of Nanoscale Colloidal Solutions (Nanofluids)”, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 94(2), 025901, 2005.
[5] C. Li and G. Peterson, “Mixing Effect on the Enhancement of the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Nanoparticle Suspensions (Nanofluids)”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 50(23–24), pp. 4668–4677, 2007.
[6] S. Lee, S.U.S. Choi, S. Li and J.A. Eastman, “Measuring Thermal Conductivity of Fluids Containing Oxide Nanoparticles”, J. Heat Transfer, vol. 121, pp. 280–289, 1999.
[7] J. Koo and C. Kleinstreuer, “A New Thermal Conductivity Model for Nanofluids”, Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 6, pp. 577–588, 2004.
[8] H. Masuda, A. Ebata, K. Teramae and N. Hishinuma, “Alteration of Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity of Liquid by Dispersing Ultra-Fine Particles (Dispersion of γ–Al2O3, SiO2, and TiO2 Ultra-Fine Particles)”, Netsu Bussei, vol. 4(4), pp. 227–233, 1993.
[9] X. Wang, S.U.S. Choi and X.Xu, “Thermal Conductivity of Nanoparticle-Fluid Mixture”, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, vol. 13(4), pp. 474–480, 1999.
[10] S.U.S. Choi, Z.G. Zhang, W. Yu, F.E. Lockwood and E.A. Grulke, “Anomalous Thermal Conductivity Enhancement in Nanotube Suspensions”, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 79(14), pp. 2252–2254, 2001.
[11] H. Xie, J. Wang, T. Xi and Y. Liu, “Thermal Conductivity of Suspensions Containing Nanosized SiC Particles”, International Journal of Thermophysics, vol. 23(2), pp. 571–580, 2002.
[12] S.M.S. Murshed, K. Leong and C. Yang, “Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of TiO2-Water Based Nanofluids,” International Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol. 44(4), pp. 367–373, 2005.
[13] T.K. Hong, H.S. Yang and C.J. Choi, “Study of the Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Fe Nanofluids”, Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 97(6), pp. 064311/1–4, 2005.
[14] M. Saeedinia, M.A. Akhavan-Behabadi and P. Razi “Thermal and Rheological Characteristics of CuO–Base Oil Nanofluid Flow inside a Circular Tube”, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 39(1), pp. 152–159, 2012.
[15] Jie Li and Clement Kleinstreuer, “Thermal Performance of Nanofluid Flow in Microchannels”, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, vol. 29, pp. 1221–1232, 2008.
[16] Q. Li and Y. Xuan, “Convective Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics of Cu/Water Nanofluids, Science in China, Series E: Technological Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 408–416, 2002.
[17] S. H. Kim, S. R. Choi and D. Kim, “Thermal Conductivity of Metaloxide Nanofluids: Particle Size Dependence and Effect of Laser Irradiation”, ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 129, pp. 298–307, 2007.
[18] Hrishikesh E. Patel, T. Sundararajan and Sarit K. Das, “An experimental Investigation into the Thermal Conductivity Enhancement In Oxide and Metallic Nanofluids”, Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 12(3), pp 1015–1031, March 2010.
[19] J.A. Eastman, S.U.S. Choi , S. Li, W. Yu and L.J. Thompson, “Anomalously Increased Effective Thermal Conductivities of Ethylene Glycol-Based Nanofluids Containing Copper Nanoparticles,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 78(6), pp. 718–720, 2001.
[20] M. Chopkar, P.K. Das and I. Manna, “Synthesis and Character Ization of Nanofluid for Advanced Heat Transfer Applications”, Scripta Mater., vol. 55(6), pp. 549–552, 2006.
[21] Honorine Angue Mintsa, Gilles Roy and Cong Tam Nguyen, “New Temperature Dependent Thermal Conductivity Data of Water Based Nanofluids”, Proceedings of the 5th IASME/WSEAS Int. Conference on Heat Transfer, Thermal Engineering and Environment, Athens, Greece, August 25–27, 2007.
[22] M. Chopkar, S. Sudarshan, P. Das and I. Manna, “Effect of Particle Size on Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluid”, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, vol. 39(7), pp. 1535–1542, 2008.
[23] H. Xie, J. Wang, T. Xi, Y. Liu and F. Ai, “Dependence of the Thermal Conductivity of Nanoparticle -Fluid Mixture on the Base Fluid”, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., vol. 21(19), pp. 1469–1471, 2002.
[24] D. Lee, “Thermophysical Properties of Interfacial Layer in Nanofluids”, Langmuir, vol. 23(11), pp. 6011–6018, 2007.
[25] S.K. Das, N. Putra, P. Thiesen and W. Roetzel, “Temperature Dependence of Thermal Conductivity Enhancement for Nanofluids”, J. Heat Transfer, vol. 125(4), pp. 567–574, 2003.
[26] C.H. Li and G.P. Peterson, “Experimental Investigation of Temperature and Volume Fraction Variations on the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Nanoparticle Suspensions (Nanofluids)”, J. Appl. Phys., vol. 99(8), 084314, 2006.
[27] Elena V. Timofeeva, Wenhua Yu, David M. France, Dileep Singh and Jules L. Routbort, “Base Fluid and Temperature Effects on the Heat Transfer Characteristics of SiC in Ethylene Glycol/H2O and H2O Nanofluids”, Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 109, 014914, 2011.
[28] E.V. Timofeeva, J.L. Routbort and D. Singh, “Particle Shape Effects on Thermophysical Properties of Alumina Nanofluids”, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 106(1), 014304, 2009.
[29] L.P. Zhou and B.X. Wang, “Experimental Research on the Thermophysical Properties of Nanoparticle Suspensions using the Quasi-Steady Method”, Annual Proceeding of Chinese Engineering Thermophysics, pp. 889–892, 2002.
[30] C.H. Chon, K.D. Kihm, S.P. Lee and S.U.S. Choi, “Empirical Correlation Finding the Role of Temperature and Particle Size for Nanofluid (Al2O3) Thermal Conductivity Enhancement”, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 87(15107), pp. 1–3, 2005.
[31] H.E. Patel, S.K. Das, T. Sundararajan, A.S. Nair, B. George, T. Pradeep, “Thermal Conductivities of Naked and Monolayer Protected Metal Nanoparticle Based Nanofluids: Manifestation of Anomalous Enhancement and Chemical Effect”, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 83, pp. 2931–2933, 2003.
[32] H.Q. Xie, J.C. Wang, T.G. Xi, Y. Liu, F. Ai and Q. Wu, “Thermal Conductivity of Suspensions Containing Nanosized Alumina Particles”, Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 91(7), pp. 4568–4572, 2002.
[33] D. Wen and Y. Ding, “Experimental Investigation into Convective Heat Transfer of Nanofluids at the Entrance Region under Laminar Flow Conditions”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 47(24), pp. 5181–5188, 2004.
[34] S.M.S. Murshed, K.C. Leong and C. Yang, “A Model for Predicting the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Nanoparticle-Fluid Suspensions”, International Journal of Nanoscience vol. 5, pp. 23–33, 2006.
[35] S.M.S. Murshed, K.C. Leong and C. Yang, “Investigations of Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity of Nanofluids. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol. 47(5), 560–568, 2008.
[36] C. H. Li and G. P. Peterson, “The effect of Particle Size on the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Al2O3–Water Nanofluids”, Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 101, 044312, 2007.
Dear Dr Khalid
I read the answer of Dr Mohamed Reda Salem and noticed that its very nice explanation about the basics of nanofluid phenomena.
Good luck
Dear Dr Mohamed Reda Salem, I can't download the attached file of the figures, I hope that you can you send the link to this paper to get more information about the case.
Thank you
Dear Dr Mohamed,
I can't download the attached file too.
Thank you
Dear Prof. Mohamed Reda Salem
Thank you very much for the nice details
Best regards
The file again as a document.doc
the file extension may solve the problem
Regards
Dear Dr. khalid,
Nanofluids are a new class of fluid that include the basefluid and particles in nano-scale size such (metal or oxide metal etc). choi 1995 was the first researcher who termed nanofluid at AIT and the main reason to use those fluids are the superior thermal properties especially the thermal conductivity which let to be used in many application such (cooling or heating systems). until now there is no exact data sheet for which suitable concentration for those particles should to be adding to base fluid to be more useful also, continuous efforts by researchers in this field to find solution for some challenge related with stability of nanofluids and which type of particles is proper and also size of particles diameter, cost of preparation all of these issues very important to understand well the mechanism of nanofluids to use these new class in real application. my regards
I recommend you to look at this valuable paper (review article)
Dear Dr. Khalid
I read Dr Mohamed Reda Salem answer and it is very nice. He give a good explanation about nanofluid phenomena. In addition to, he gives some of the references on nanofluid.
Good luck
I also recommend this article
A critical review of convective heat
transfer of nanofluids
This is the details of the paper
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
11 (2007) 797–817
a gain here is the details of the review article
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
11 (2007) 797–817
Dear Prof. Hassanein
write the link of the article, which you recommend.
Best Regards
Dear prof. Mohamed Reda Salem
here is the link
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032105000626
With my best regards
Thank you Dr Hassanein A. Refaey and Dr Mohammed saad Kamel for the papers.
please Dr. can read the following paper
Article Effect of Oxides Nanoparticle Materials on the Pressure Loss...
Dear Dr. Sukkar, kindly check the document below.
Terekhov, V. I., Kalinina, S. V., & Lemanov, V. V. (2010). The mechanism of heat transfer in nanofluids: state of the art (review). Part 1. Synthesis and properties of nanofluids. Thermophysics and Aeromechanics, 17(1), 1-14.
Regards,
ILA
Thank you Isaac Lare Animasaun and Hyder H. Balla for the wonderful references
Best Regards
Khalid
More Explanations are given in the following link:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319477480_Experimental_Study_on_Convective_Heat_Transfer_and_Pressure_Drop_of_Water-Based_Nanofluid_inside_Shell_and_Coil_Heat_Exchanger?_iepl%5BviewId%5D=CIimkRa5QX64gm2AbdqN5e21&_iepl%5BprofilePublicationItemVariant%5D=default&_iepl%5Bcontexts%5D%5B0%5D=prfpi&_iepl%5BtargetEntityId%5D=PB%3A319477480&_iepl%5BinteractionType%5D=publicationTitle
Regards
Thesis Experimental Study on Convective Heat Transfer and Pressure ...
Dear Sir,
This is due to Brownian motion of nanoparticles in fluid. Even micro size particles cause Brownian motion so not to mention nanoparticles.
There are models based on Brownian motion.
Viscosity of nanofluids
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity#Viscosity_of_nanofluids
Thermal conductivity of nanofluid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanofluids_in_solar_collectors#Thermal_conductivity_of_nanofluids
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