Dear Sir,

Nanofluids are fluids including suspensions of particles of Nano size, which had higher thermal characteristics related to the base fluids. As the solid nanoparticles have high thermal conductivity so, the mixture will have a thermal conductivity higher than those liquids.  Because of the Nano size of the suspended particles, the mixture can be appropriate heat transfer fluids in different devices automotive and electronic industries

Please see the following paper:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319445996_Enhancement_Heat_Transfer_of_Cu-Water_Nanofluids_with_Thermophysical_Properties_Modeling_by_Artificial_Neural_Network

Good Luck

Article Enhancement Heat Transfer of Cu-Water Nanofluids with Thermo...

Thank you Dr. Ghassan for your nice and clear explanation;

Their are two theorems of to support  the nanofluid mechanism (Brownian Motion theorem that based on thermal conductivity)  and another theorem suggested that the nanoparticle surrounded by a nanolayer as a shell) which one of them more effective.?

Dear Dr Khalid

I read the answer of Dr Mohamed Reda Salem and noticed that its very nice explanation about the basics of nanofluid phenomena.

Good luck

Dear Dr Mohamed Reda Salem, I can't download the attached file of the figures, I hope that you can you send the link to this paper to get more information about the case.

Thank you 

Dear Dr Mohamed,

I can't download the attached file too.

Thank you

Dear Prof. Mohamed Reda Salem

Thank you very much for the nice details

Best regards

Dear Dr. khalid,

Nanofluids are a new class of fluid that include the basefluid and particles in nano-scale size such (metal or oxide metal etc). choi 1995 was the first researcher who termed nanofluid at AIT and the main reason to use those fluids are the superior thermal properties especially  the thermal conductivity which let to be used in many application such (cooling or heating systems). until now there is no exact data sheet for which suitable concentration for those particles should to be adding to base fluid to be more useful also, continuous efforts by researchers in this field to find solution for some challenge related with stability of nanofluids and which type of particles is proper and also size of particles diameter, cost of preparation all of these issues very important to understand well the mechanism of nanofluids to use these new class in real application. my regards        

I recommend you to look at this valuable paper (review article) 

Dear Mohammed saad Kamel 

Many thanks with best regards

Dear Dr. Khalid

I read Dr Mohamed Reda Salem answer and it is very nice. He give a good explanation about nanofluid phenomena. In addition to, he gives some of the references on nanofluid.

Good luck

I also recommend this article

A critical review of convective heat

transfer of nanofluids

This is the details of the paper

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

11 (2007) 797–817

a gain here is the details of the review article

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

11 (2007) 797–817

Dear prof. Mohamed Reda Salem 

here is the link

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032105000626

With my best regards

Thank you Dr Hassanein A. Refaey and Dr Mohammed saad Kamel for the papers.

please Dr. can read the following paper

Article Effect of Oxides Nanoparticle Materials on the Pressure Loss...

Thank you Dr Hassanein A. Refaey and Dr Mohammed saad Kamel

Dear Dr. Sukkar, kindly check the document below. 

Terekhov, V. I., Kalinina, S. V., & Lemanov, V. V. (2010). The mechanism of heat transfer in nanofluids: state of the art (review). Part 1. Synthesis and properties of nanofluids. Thermophysics and Aeromechanics, 17(1), 1-14.

Regards,

ILA

 Thank you Isaac Lare Animasaun  and Hyder H. Balla  for the wonderful references 

Best Regards 

Khalid

Good question