Dear Mr. Yacine
Soil and its underground are generally inseparable interconnected by permanent interaction. Calcaire crusts in soil are secondary precipitation of carbonates (mostly calcium carbonate), strongly solidifying a soil horizon.
1) A decalcified soil with high lime accumulation and cementation of the soil constituents in the border area of the solution-front arises periodically in wet climates of the middle and lower slopes in previously calcareous substrates by preferably laterally downward soil water movement. It thus forms a not or only slightly water-permeable limestone crust. Soil erosion can eliminate the decalcified soil horizons and so let not agronomically usable limestone crust reach the soil surface.
2) Secondary carbonate crusts can occur in arid to semi-arid climates in upper soil or sub soil levels caused by groundwater that rises close to the surface in the fine capillaries of loamy or clayey soils in valleys, where it evaporates.
Best regards,
G. Grundmann
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