Low and high temperature have similar effects on the morphology, physiology, biochemical and molecular aspects of the plant body. Any temperature above or below the optimum conditions can affect crops right from the germination stage to the reproductive stage.
Excessive generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) is one of the major effects of cold temperature stress.
However, grain crops such as rice is highly prone to cold/low temperature stress due to the fact it is a tropical/sub-tropical crop.
most of the grain crops grows under different temperatures depend on the crop (eg., maize, rice wheat), Colder weather can decrease plant enzyme activity. This then disrupts plant nutrient intake because plants secrete enzymes to digest surrounding materials for soil. Consequently, this can stunt growth or more severely cause them to die. most of the grain crops grows under different temperatures depend on the crop(maize, rice wheat)
Under Low temperature 🌡️ germination is poor. Growth is retarded due to lesser accumulation of GDD, and maturity delays.
Low temperatures not only delay germination, and vegetative growth. they also affect morphogenesis.
Chilling temperatures can limit photosynthesis via stomatal closure, inhibition of thylakoid electron transport and photophosphorylation, inhibition of key enzymes in sucrose and starch biosynthesis, Rubisco inactivation and limitation of sink strength and phloem loading. Plants respond to cold temperatures by activating metabolic pathways that protect their cells from cold and freezing conditions. One protection strategy is to accumulate sugars, which decreases the temperature at which ice forms, similar to the effect of putting salt on roads. Low temperature affects several aspects of crop growth viz., survival, cell division, photosynthesis, water transport, growth and finally yield. If the plants grown in hot temperature are exposed to low temperature, they will be killed (or) severely injured. Chilling can delay crop blooming, cause direct damage, or reduce plant vigor. One major strategy by which plants adapt to temperature change is to decrease the degree of unsaturation of membrane lipids under high temperature and increase it under low temperature. Spring low-temperature stress adversely affects the growth and development of plants by affecting photosynthesis and then dry-matter accumulation and distribution; this leads to decreases in crop yield and quality. Generally, plants encounter two forms of low-temperature stress i.e., chilling and freezing. For plants, chilling temperatures are low but positive temperatures (0–15 °C) that could vary with the plant's tolerance level and variety. Plants from climates with cold winters have evolved to survive winter by going dormant. That means not just dropping leaves and slowing or stopping growth, but also reducing the amount of water in branch and root tissues. Additionally, the decreased canopy temperature resulted in reduced starch and protein accumulation, followed by deformed grain appearance. LTS limits the normal spike development, which causes severe reduction in grain yield and quality.
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