What is the effect of (Fe2+ and Fe3+) and (Mn2+, Mn3+, Mn4+ and Mn5+) on the soil mechanical properties?

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Zaman Malekzade

Dear Ebrahim,

The concentration of such ions may change the specific density. so, we can expect, by this increasing, some soil behaviors such as liquefaction during earthquake to be decreased.

A. Nandi

Fe+3 should increase the soil strength as it acts as a binding material. Fe+2 is soluble, so it will actually have the opposite effect on soil strength.

Ebrahim Sangsefidi

Dear Professor Nandi,

Could you please introduce a reference regarding your this issue?

Thanks