Scaling is a type of fouling in heat exchangers that refers to the buildup of mineral deposits on the surface of the exchanger, which reduces heat transfer efficiency and increases pressure drop. The most important factors that influence scaling are: temperature, turbulence, velocity, flow distribution, surface finish, composition & concentration of the salts in the water, water hardness, pH etc. There are three main types of scaling: calcium carbonate, silica, and sulfate scaling.
For more in-depth information on scaling in heat exchangers, I recommend checking out the following books:
"Heat Exchanger Design Handbook" by T. Kuppan
"Heat Transfer" by J.P. Holman
You can also find relevant information and research articles in academic journals. These resources can provide you with a more comprehensive understanding of heat exchangers and scaling.
Web13 Apr 1995 · This unique and comprehensive text considers all aspects of heat exchanger fouling from the basic science of how surfaces become fouled to very practical ways of …
Author: T.R. Bott
Publisher: Elsevier, 1995
I would note that fouling is a massive cost factor in many industries.