They viewed organisation as an organic and open system, which is composed of interacting and interdependent parts, called subsystems. The system approach is top took upon management as a system or as “an organised whole” made up of sub- systems integrated into a unity or orderly totality.

• A line of thought in the management field which stresses the interactive nature and interdependence of external and internal factors in an organization. A systems approach is commonly used to evaluate market elements which affect the profitability of a business.