The lower mantle is heated directly by conduction from the core. In conduction, heat is transferred as atoms collide. The rising and sinking of warm and cooler material is called convection. Air in the atmosphere acts as a fluid. The sun's radiation strikes the ground, thus warming the rocks. As the rock's temperature rises due to conduction, heat energy is released into the atmosphere, forming a bubble of air which is warmer than the surrounding air.

The sun's waves heat the ground, causing it to warm (radiation). The energy flows from the warmer ground to the cooler air (conduction), causing it to rise (convection). When the rising air reaches a certain point, it expands, cools, and the cooler expanded air can no longer hold as much water vapor so it rains.

https://www.coolscience.net/heat-transfer-in-weather-systems

Thanks Dr. Manal Hadi Kanaan for participating in the discussion.

Air in the atmosphere acts as a fluid. The sun's radiation strikes the ground, thus warming the rocks. As the rock's temperature rises due to conduction, heat energy is released into the atmosphere, forming a bubble of air which is warmer than the surrounding air. Conduction, radiation, and convection carry heat from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere. The majority of energy transfer occurs at the Earth's surface due to the weak conductivity of air. Conduction has a direct effect on air temperature only a few millimeters into the atmosphere. Convection carries heat to the surface of the mantle much faster than heating by conduction. Conduction is heat transfer by collisions between molecules, and is how heat is transferred from the stove to the soup pot.