The U.S. Geological Survey (Rantz et al., 1982) have developed nine criteria for an "ideal" gaging site. The criteria are:
The stream course is straight for about 300 feet upstream and downstream of the gage site.
At all stages, the total flow is confined to a single channel. There is also no subsurface or groundwater flow that bypasses the site.
The streambed in the vicinity of the site is not subject to scour and fill. It is also free of aquatic plants.
The banks of the stream channel are permanent. The are free of brush and high enough to contain floods.
The stream channel has unchanging natural controls. These controls are bedrock outcrops or stable riffle for low flow conditions. During high flows, the controls are channel constrictions or a cascade or falls that is unsubmerged at all stages.
At extremely low stages, a pool is present upstream from the site. This will ensure the recording of extremely low flows and avoid the high velocities associated with high streamflows.
The gaging site is far enough removed from the confluence with another stream or from tidal effects to avoid any possible impacts on the measurement of stream stage.
Within the proximity of the gage site, a reach for the measurement of discharge at all stages is available.
The site is accessible for installation and operation and maintenance of the gaging site.
No upstream constrictive structures such as railroad trams, road beds, geologic narrows, etc. Gauging station recording should be substantially higher than estimated 1,000-year flood height.
Assuming you do are interested in streamflow, rather than natural channel functions, I would select access and a stable stream section, even bridge site where staff gauge can be installed and peak flow can be measures from bridge. You want a stable section as much as possible, not actively aggrading or degrading. I would avoid braided streams and highly sinuous streams sections. I would probably prefer sections with uniform flow such as a run or glide, rather than a turbulent riffle or slack pool where sediment is apt to accumulate.
The selection of the watershed to gauge may depend on your intent, goals, project or other determinants, but you should know land use, geology, vegetation, soils, etc. so you are sure you are getting the information desired on flow, floods, etc.
The transducers that measure gauge height are much less expensive today and easier to install and service, download and process data digitally, as compared to the stream water level recorders with strip charts. Excessive sediment can cause clogging of transducer (from experience).
For small drainages or catchments, constructed flumes or weirs can produce high quality results with stream stage when properly installed. On larger streams or rivers, stream gauging can be a challenge and expensive if you do not have the right equipment and experience (publications available). Measuring flood velocity across a large floodplain is difficult to do, so in that case, geologic narrows or a well confined channel may be preferred (but Rosgen G and F streams are entrenched, confined, but they can be unstable due to bank erosion and failure, so well forested, brush or vegetated banks with deep rooted plants are often indicators of stability). If monitoring a wet meadow with sinuous channel, the sedges and rushes have deep and very dense roots so stability should be high, but the difficulty is measuring flows above bankfull during floods.
The U.S. Geological Survey (Rantz et al., 1982) have developed nine criteria for an "ideal" gaging site. The criteria are:
The stream course is straight for about 300 feet upstream and downstream of the gage site.
At all stages, the total flow is confined to a single channel. There is also no subsurface or groundwater flow that bypasses the site.
The streambed in the vicinity of the site is not subject to scour and fill. It is also free of aquatic plants.
The banks of the stream channel are permanent. The are free of brush and high enough to contain floods.
The stream channel has unchanging natural controls. These controls are bedrock outcrops or stable riffle for low flow conditions. During high flows, the controls are channel constrictions or a cascade or falls that is unsubmerged at all stages.
At extremely low stages, a pool is present upstream from the site. This will ensure the recording of extremely low flows and avoid the high velocities associated with high streamflows.
The gaging site is far enough removed from the confluence with another stream or from tidal effects to avoid any possible impacts on the measurement of stream stage.
Within the proximity of the gage site, a reach for the measurement of discharge at all stages is available.
The site is accessible for installation and operation and maintenance of the gaging site.
The following factors have to be considered in selecting a site for a stream gauging station.
(1) The section should be straight and uniform for a length of about 10 to 20 times the
width of the stream.
(2) The bed and banks of the stream should be firm and stable so as to ensure consistency
of area-discharge relationship, i.e., the cross section should not be subjected to change by silting or scouring, during different stages of flow; a smooth rock, shingle or clay bed is favourable,
while a fine sandy bed is unfavourable.
(3) The bed and banks should be free from vegetal growth, boulders or other obstructions
like bridge piers, etc.
(4) There should be no larger overflow section at flood stage. The best cross section is
one with V-shape, so that there is sufficient depth for immersing the current meter without
being affected by the bed roughness of the stream.
(5) The part of the reach having the most regular transverse section and steady flow
with the current normal to the metering section and velocities in the range of 0.3–1.2 m/sec
should be selected.
(6) To ensure consistency between stage and discharge, there should be a good control
section far downstream of the gauging site. This control may be in the form of steep rapids,
large rocky boulders, restricted passages, crest of weirs or anicuts etc.
(7) The sites above the confluence of rivers are best avoided if the flow is affected by
back water conditions due to the varying discharges in the tributaries.
(8) The stream gauging station should be easily accessible.
The river section at the gauging station must be stable, to the extent possible free from eddies, approachable during floods and flood proof, straight river section.