School leaders across the nation are exploring ways to better educate students and improve school performance. School-based management (SBM) offers a way to promote improvement by decentralizing control from central district offices to individual school sites. It attempts to give school constituents--administrators, teachers, parents and other community members--more control over what happens in schools.

The primary issue of school leadership in the US has to do with the role of instructional leadership, resulting in top-down management vs. collaborative or teacher-led models. The top down model came from times when women, who still make up the large majority of K-12 teachers, were not considered capable of true professional leadership. These times are long gone— it’s past time to recognize that it’s actually teachers who are the real instructional leaders in the school; the best principals know this and get out of their way. Unfortunately, aspiring principals are still mostly taught in preparation classes that they are the instructional leaders. Collaborative school models are not familiar to most university professors, and are given cursory treatment if they are brought up at all. There are, however, exciting new supports and development around “teacher-led/student-centered” school models, including for public school. For more info on this, see the extensive resources on the Center for Teaching Quality website, or contact me on LinkedIn.

I think to cut the extra labor working outside of the campus because all are busy nowadays, everyone try to avoid the labor intensive research as the Literature Review is the major part of any research.