The most effective nanomaterials for pharmaceutical nanofluids are those that provide specific advantages for drug delivery, such as enhanced solubility, stability, and controlled release, while maintaining biocompatibility. Metal nanoparticles, such as gold (AuNPs) and iron oxide (Fe3O4), are particularly effective due to their high surface-to-volume ratio and ability to be functionalized with targeting ligands. Gold nanoparticles are commonly used in photothermal therapy and as carriers for chemotherapeutic drugs, while iron oxide nanoparticles excel in magnetic drug targeting and as contrast agents for imaging.

Carbon-based nanostructures, like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene derivatives, are valuable for their exceptional mechanical strength and high loading capacity for hydrophobic drugs. These materials are especially useful in cancer treatments and for delivering genetic materials like siRNA, as their surface can be functionalized to improve targeting and minimize toxicity.

Biocompatible polymers, such as PLGA and PEGylated nanoparticles, are widely used for their ability to form nanoscale carriers like micelles and dendrimers. These polymers are biodegradable and allow for sustained and controlled drug release, which is critical for applications like vaccines and chronic disease treatment. PEGylation, in particular, helps evade immune clearance, extending the circulation time of the drug.

Lipid-based nanoparticles, including liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles, are another leading option. Their natural affinity for biological membranes makes them ideal for encapsulating sensitive molecules such as mRNA, as seen in recent vaccine technologies, or hydrophobic drugs for cancer therapy. These materials also allow for improved solubility and reduced systemic toxicity.

Hybrid nanomaterials, such as metal-organic frameworks or polymer-metal hybrids, represent a cutting-edge solution for multifunctional systems. They are often designed to combine diagnostic and therapeutic functions, allowing for responsive drug release triggered by environmental factors like pH or temperature. This makes them highly suitable for advanced cancer therapies and theranostics.

The choice of nanomaterial depends heavily on the specific application and therapeutic goals. For instance, in drug delivery for cancer, carbon-based or polymeric systems may be ideal, while for vaccines, lipid-based nanoparticles offer unmatched compatibility. Research into tailoring these materials for specific medical applications continues to expand, providing increasingly effective solutions for pharmaceutical nanofluids.

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I think nanofluid/TiO2 and nanofluid/Ag the best

I related that to the nature of process for synthesis it