The problem of aggressive attack of sulphate and chloride ions has been of considerable scientific and technological interest because this attack is one of the factors responsible for damage to concrete. The corrosive action of chlorides is due to the formation of chloroaluminate hydrates, which causes softening of concrete. Sulphate ions can enter into chemical reactions with certain constituents of concrete, producing sulphoaluminate hydrates and gypsum, which cause the expansion of concrete.
I hope the link below useful for you
https://civil-engg-world.blogspot.com/2009/01/factor-affecting-durability-of.html?m=1
Durability of Concrete depends on the following factors: Aggregate Type, Cement Content, Water-Cement (W/C) Ratio, Cement Type, Air Entrainment, Carbonation Process, Quality of Mixing Water, Influence of Crack, Depth of Cover to the Reinforcement, Age of Immersion, Diffusion of Salts Under Pressure, Wetting and Drying Cycles, Freezing and Thawing Cycle
I hope the link below useful for you
https://civil-engg-world.blogspot.com/2009/01/factor-affecting-durability-of.html?m=1
Dear Dr. Esraa Thamir, thank you so much. Indeed, the mentioned link is very useful
https://civil-engg-world.blogspot.com/2009/01/factor-affecting-durability-of.html?m=1
Apart from factors mentioned by Mondal sir, workmanship and proper methodology of production of concrete at site is also important factors for durability of concrete. One can use the slag cement or Portland Pozzolona cement for better durability results especially concrete construction in sea water
The main factor affecting any durability property of concrete is its porousness. Try to use any supplementary mineral admixtures with higher specific surface area than OPC. This would ensure less concentration of voids in the final concrete mix. For example, Silica fume.
The main factors affecting the durability of concrete in seawater are:
1) Aggregate Type
2) Cement Content
3) Water-Cement (W/C) Ratio
4) Cement Type
5) Air Entrainment
6) Carbonation Process
7) Quality of Mixing Water
8) Depth of Cover to the Reinforcement
9) Age of Immersion
10) Diffusion of Salts Under Pressure
11) Wetting and Drying Cycles
12) Freezing and Thawing Cycle
In addition to the above factors discussed, type of concrete such as polymer impregnated concrete, fly ash concrete, FRC, HPC etc will also matter
In addition to the factors above, Alkalinity of concrete is important in this case also. The Bozolanic materials content, if exceeded the limit, will affect the alkalinity negatively.
Most of the general factors affecting concrete durability are captured above but with sea water, attack of chloride and sulphate, including the exposure condition, whether fully or partially submerged, wetting/drying cycles are key factors in sea water. For wetting/drying, the nature of tidal cycle (6 or 12 hours) is also important.
New generation for concrete, recently appeared such as polymer impregnated concrete and usage of FRP bars, so that, we can change the old idea of traditional concrete
https://civil-engg-world.blogspot.com/2009/01/factor-affecting-durability-of.html?m=1
Yes, most of the general factors affecting concrete durability are captured above but with sea water, attack of chloride and sulphate, including the exposure condition, whether fully or partially submerged, wetting/drying cycles are key factors in sea water.
Seawater is very aggressive in nature due to presence of multi salts in it. It can harm the hydration process and C-S-H development in the cement paste/concrete.
There are alot of factors need to considered while designing of concrete mix such as w/c ratio, etc.
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