The first thought I had was the recent focus in US healthcare on patient centered care. Perhaps review of this theory will enhance your empowerment work. If you have an application or focus on where you are applying these concepts it may help in getting useful responses here.
You have probably read the existing literature on this subject, but have you seen this recent addition?
Nieroda, M., Keeling, D., & Keeling, K. (2015). Less Buzz More Action! Patient Empowerment= Responsibility+ Adoption+ Involvement. In Ideas in Marketing: Finding the New and Polishing the Old (pp. 65-65). Springer International Publishing.
A major limitation is the focus on the individual rather than the empowerment of the collective. The collective empowerment of patients, for example, enables them to have an influence on the health system through networking and pressure groups. Collective empowerment includes personal empowerment, family empowerment and organizational empowerment. See:
1. Storm, M., Hausken, K., and Mikkelsen, A. (2010), “User Involvement in In-patient Mental Health Services: Operationalization, Empirical Testing, and Validation,” Journal of Clinical Nursing 19, 13, 1897-1907.
2. Storm, M., Hausken, K., and Knudsen, K. (2011), “Inpatient Service Providers’ Perspectives on Service User Involvement in Norwegian Community Mental Health Centres,” International Journal of Social Psychiatry 57, 6, 551-563.
3. Storm, M., Knudsen, K., Davidson, L., Hausken, K., and Johannessen, J.O. (2011), “‘Service User Involvement In Practice’: The Evaluation of an Intervention Program for Service Providers and Inpatients in Norwegian Community Mental Health Centers,” Psychosis 3, 1, 29-40.
4. Heggland, L.H., Øgaard, T., Mikkelsen, A., and Hausken, K. (2012), “Patient Participation in Surgical Treatment Decision-Making from the Patients’ Perspective: Validation of an Instrument,” Nursing Research and Practice, Article ID 939675, 8 pages, doi:10.1155/2012/939675.
5. Heggland, L.H. and Hausken, K. (2013), “A Qualitative Identification of Categories of Patient Participation in Decision-Making by Healthcare Professionals and Patients During Surgical Treatment,” Clinical Nursing Research 22, 2, 206-227.
6. Heggland, L.H., Mikkelsen, A., and Hausken, K. (2013), “Models, Phases, and Cases of Patient Participation in Decision-Making in Surgical Treatment in Norway: A Qualitative Study,” Nursing and Health Sciences 15, 1, 39-44.
7. Heggland, L.H. and Hausken, K. (2014), “Patient Participation, Decision Makers, and Information Flow in Surgical Treatment,” Journal of Clinical Nursing 23, 9-10, 1430-1444.
8. Heggland, L.H., Mikkelsen, A., Øgaard, T., and Hausken, K. (2014), “Measuring Patient Participation in Surgical Treatment Decision-Making From Healthcare Professionals’ Perspective,” Journal of Clinical Nursing 23, 3, 482-491.
9. Heggland, L.H. and Hausken, K. (2015), “Four Categories of Patient Participation in Treatment and Their Linkage to Decision-Making in a Structure of 81 Models,” Nursing Reports 5, 4783, 1-12.