- Guided wave-based structural health monitoring (SHM) in structures due to the ability of guided waves to propagate long distances with less energy loss and sensitivity to small defects in the structure.
-Wireless sensor networks (WSNs),
-composite structure: SHM sensors are resistance strain gages, fibre optic sensors, piezoelectric sensors, eddy current sensors, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors. .