What are the different, alternative pathways to effectively achieve full climate neutrality of the energy sector, including pathways taking into account the intermediate steps of the green transformation process of the energy sector, i.e. the process of reaching zero-carbon energy and the whole economy, that is being implemented or planned to be implemented, including intermediate steps based on the temporal development of, inter alia, nuclear and/or natural gas-fired energy and/or ...? What are the key differentiating factors and determinants responsible for choosing certain different alternative pathways to achieve climate neutrality in the energy sector?
In many countries, before the entire energy sector is based on renewable energy sources, hydrogen and/or natural gas-based energy, which is several times less carbon-intensive than coal, lignite and, in some countries, fuel oil, i.e. derivatives of oil refining, are being developed as an interim step in addition to fully clean, emission-free, climate-neutral renewable energy sources. Because of the nuclear power plant accidents that occurred at Chernobyl, Fukushima, etc., some countries decided to decommission their nuclear power plants. Opinions are divided on this issue, as current nuclear energy technologies are much safer than those used in the plants that previously failed. In addition, the energy produced by nuclear power plants is emission-free compared to emissions from, for example, gas combustion. Over the next few decades, these nuclear and gas-based intermediate steps will be replaced by emission-free, fully climate-neutral and more energy-efficient energy based on green hydrogen and nuclear fusion. The production of so-called green hydrogen will be realised using electricity generated from renewable energy sources. However, the greatest challenges in terms of carrying out a green transformation of the energy sector are to be met in countries such as Poland, which still has a technologically backward, archaic system of energy generation based 3/4 on burning hard coal and lignite. This kind of situation of energy development backwardness is the result of deliberately slowing down the development of renewable and emission-free energy in the last 3 decades, and especially in the last 8 years, i.e. the period in which the PIS government in coalition with other political options supporting this government mainly supported the development of dirty combustion energy, increased the import of fossil fuels, slowed down the development of wind energy in 2016, slowed down the development of biofuel-based energy, and from April 2022 limited the development of solar energy. This is very strange in view of the European Union's strategic environmental and climate policy, indicating the need to carry out a green energy transition as quickly as possible, of which Poland is, after all, a part and benefits from financial subsidies from the European Union for the development of renewable energy sources. At present, in the context of the prospect of a global climate catastrophe, accelerating global warming and a still high level of greenhouse gas emissions, energy generation based mainly on the combustion of fossil fuels is being described as archaic, technologically and mentally outdated, incompatible with achieving the objectives of sustainable development, incompatible with pro-environmental and climate policy, generates poor air quality, is socially unethical and so on. The paradox is that in recent years, the development of renewable and zero-emission energy has been accelerated in many countries, while in Poland this development has been deliberately slowed down by the government. In many countries, in the context of the overall energy mix, renewable energy is already the dominant source of energy vis-à-vis combustion energy sources. In some countries, such as Scandinavia, over 90% of energy is already generated from renewable sources. Furthermore, not only in Europe, but also on other continents, including Africa, there are already countries where the majority of energy is produced from renewable sources. Some countries, such as Canada for example, have planned to fully phase out coal-based power generation by 2030 at the latest, whereas in Poland, despite the existing climatic, technological and financial possibilities, etc., the PIS government has planned to continue coal-based power generation until the middle of the 21st century, ignoring the results of scientific research concerning forecasts of a continuation of the increasingly rapid process of global warming and an increase in the scale of climatic disasters that will occur in the coming decades. Since it is not, therefore, a genuinely pro-environmental and pro-climate energy and economic policy, neither is it a pro-social policy of the PIS government in Poland. On the other hand, technological progress in the field of green technologies and energy eco-innovations is continually being made. New generation photovoltaic technologies and other renewable and emission-free energy solutions are becoming cheaper every year. Mini-power plants, backyard mini-generators producing energy from the sun, wind and, under favourable geographical and geological conditions, also from water and geothermal energy, are becoming increasingly available. However, in a situation where the return to government-controlled large state-owned energy companies, and the pursuit of an economic policy reminiscent of centralised, post-communist models of economic management, ignores the prosumer potential for the development of zero-emission mini power plants by citizens who could develop clean energy much more effectively and efficiently, the whole process of green transformation of the energy sector is proceeding much more slowly than it could. Returning to the issue of the successful development of renewable and zero-emission energy sources in many countries, the question arises as to what path towards climate neutrality in the energy sector has been successfully pursued in countries where the majority of energy is already produced from clean, zero-emission energy, and what path towards climate neutrality in the energy sector should be pursued in countries where a significant proportion of electricity and/or heat is still produced from dirty combustion energy? Arguably, many different factors, regional geographic, geological, climatic, environmental, civilisational, economic, social, etc. considerations need to be taken into account in order to define the right path towards climate neutrality of the energy sector in each country.
To the above, it should be added that on 18 April 2023, in order to accelerate the process of pro-environmental, pro-climate, green transformation of the economy, including the acceleration of the process of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, slowing down the processes of global warming, the European Parliament voted on the key legal acts of the Fit For 55 package. The European Parliament adopted the reform of the EU system of trading in greenhouse gas emission allowances, the introduction of the CBAM mechanism and the creation of the Social Climate Fund. The PIS government in Poland is constantly criticising the climate and environmental policy of the European Union, contrary to the expectations of the citizens and with some vague political aims in mind in the controlled meanstream media in Poland. Thanks to the technological advances that have already been made in green energy technologies and eco-innovation, electricity generation from renewable and emission-free energy sources is already the cheapest, much cheaper than energy generation from the dirty energy of burning fossil fuels.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
What are the different alternative pathways to effectively achieve full climate neutrality of the energy sector, including pathways that take into account intermediate steps of the green transformation process of the energy sector that is being implemented or planned to be implemented, i.e. the process of achieving zero-carbon energy and the economy as a whole, including intermediate steps based on the temporal development of, inter alia, nuclear and/or natural gas combustion energy and/or ...? What are the key differentiating factors and determinants responsible for the choice of the identified different alternative pathways towards climate neutrality in the energy sector?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this subject?
Please respond,
I invite you all to discuss,
Thank you very much,
Warm regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
While you define climate neutrality in terms of CO2 the only answer is that it will be achieved by impoverishing the lower classes of the countries following the madness of net-zero policies. Socially sensible countries like China and India are fully aware that increased CO2 fear is a western madness. Surely 32 years of dire warnings (none of which have occurred) are enough to show that the global temperatures are not in significantly dependent upon CO2 emissions. Poland should follow Germany's lead and burn its plentiful coal resources, while looking for other sources like fracked gas. Dependency upon imported energy has been shown to be really dangerous in terms of oil in the 1970s and gas this year; apart from lack of security, the cost has been crippling to UK and Germany..
There are several alternative pathways to effectively achieve full climate neutrality for the energy sector, including:
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Mena Maurice Farag: you give good summary of what can be done to reduce CO2 emissions. However, all of the measures cost massive amounts of money in subsidies and do not improve anyone's life as they just replace systems that work perfectly well, but emit CO2, with expensive alternatives. It is far cheaper (and of course still needed even if the climate-investments are made) to take action to reduce damages from any climate changes that actually occur. Most people would prefer to invest in health care, social reform and security rather than in cutting down on CO2 which only poses a hypothetical risk to society.
Renewable energies and energy efficiency.
Climate neutrality is very hard to achieve.!
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_do_you_envision_as_the_next_technology_to_replace_the_Rankine_cycle_process_for_energy_production/1
It is known that one of the most ancient energy generation technologies is used in hydropower. However, the resource of hydropower is limited for known reasons and it still affects the environment.
But the energy of falling water is the energy of gravity. And the resource of gravitational energy is practically unlimited. In the future, it is the technologies for generating energy from the almost limitless gravitational resources of the Earth that will make it possible to obtain unlimited energy with zero emissions of harmful substances. Then the cheap energy of gravity energy will allow restore the environment.
But the use of gravitational energy is hampered by a primitive approach to its description in the existing concept of physics, based on the abstract curvature of space-time. The abstract curvature of space-time does not even have physical analogues.
If we assume that gravity is formed due to the curvature of space-time, then the speed of light measured in the Earth's orbit around the Sun must differ from the speed of light, which is measured on Earth, by the value of the first cosmic velocity, because the gravitational potential of the Earth is equal to the square of the first cosmic speed.
However, such a change in the speed of light is not observed, and Shapiro's time delay measured in the solar system turned out to be very small. Therefore, the curvature of space-time does not exist.
Then there remains the only mechanism for the formation of the gravitational force, due to the inertia force of the penetrating gravitons in the gradient of the propagation velocity of the gravitational interaction. Gravitons have mass, unlike photons, and the speed of movement their matter on the Earth differs from the speed of their movement in the Earth's orbit around the Sun by the value of the first cosmic velocity of the Earth.
Not having found experiments that were convincing for me, I had to come up with and conduct a simple experiment showing that gravitons exist. However, my experiment contradicts the existing concept of physics, where gravitons are denied, and the emphasis in energy is on the hot fusion of complex atoms from hydrogen.
But any schoolchild knows that when atoms are heated, they repel each other, and naturally, miraculous synthesis does not occur. That is, the synthesis of atoms with the release of energy is always associated with an increase in pressure and a decrease, and not with an increase in temperature. When some scientists realized this, since then humanity has been hanging by a “hair” from self-destruction. Consequently, it is beneficial for someone to simply cut budgets calmly.
Thus, artificially created economic, political and physical problems are a brake on the use of gravitational energy.
It has long been known that there is a circulation of energy in eddy electric and magnetic fields, which is shown by Maxwell's equations. Obviously, therefore, Maxwell's electrodynamics successfully works in practice, which is the criterion of truth. That is, it can be confidently asserted that without the circulation of energy in the fields, the formation of force is impossible. Thus, the mass of the Earth, which forms the gravitational field, provides the necessary circulation of energy for the formation of the gravitational force in the gravitational field of the Earth.
If we calculate the amount of circulating gravitational energy on Earth, then it exceeds the energy consumed by our civilization by 1019 times. With regard to the concentration of gravitational energy, the power of circulating gravitational energy per 1 square meter of the Earth's surface exceeds 20,000 times the entire installed power generation capacity on Earth.
It should be noted that the gravitational fields of the Earth and the Sun are huge compared to their size. The density of circulating gravitons in a gravitational field (with spherical symmetry) varies according to the inverse square law. Depending on the density of gravitons, the speed of propagation of the gravitational interaction changes.
If gravitons have a significantly larger mass than photons, then the gravitational interaction cannot have the ideal property of moving without the interaction of their gravitational fields and without energy dissipation. Since photons always move in the material gravitational fields of all structures of the Universe, it can be assumed that the fields are the medium for the propagation of gravitons and photons, and they move with energy dissipation, which is measured as the Hubble constant.
If physical fields are material and dissipative, then they are soliton and quantum parametric structures, in which the main property of matter exists, to minimize the interaction energy in dynamic fields to the level of energy dissipation with the Hubble constant. The mechanism of parametric reformation of the matter of soliton fields minimizes the inertia force of bodies until they move uniformly by inertia. Thos, the force of inertia is the process of changing the energy and shape of the huge dynamic gravitational fields of any bodies.
The circulation of energy in gravitational fields leads to the focusing of the distributed energy of gravitons from the surrounding space to their centers of gravity, which explains the glow of the Sun.
On the Sun, Hydrogen is synthesized in the spicules of the chromosphere (natural particle accelerators) with the absorption of its gravitational energy, and the synthesis of heavy atoms is carried out in the bowels of the Sun under high pressure, also with the absorption of gravitational energy. Therefore, the radiation of the Sun occurs as a result of a side effect of the synthesis of atoms with equal power of the ongoing processes of synthesis and radiation. Therefore, the radiation power of the Sun can be easily calculated from the parameters of the Sun, the Solar System and the Hubble constant.
Thus, the Sun shines due to the concentration of the scattered dissipation energy of gravitons and photons in the gravitational fields of the stationary Universe, where the energy of gravitons and photons circulates, which turns into matter in stars, and matter turns into the energy of gravitons and photons.
The challenge for the future will be to find methods for registering and controlling the flow of neutrino gravitons to generate energy.
The problem with neutrino gravitons is solved quite simply. It is assumed that gravitons are pairs of charged elements of matter and therefore are neutral and neutrino elements of gravitational waves, like a neutral electron-positron pair. Therefore, the polarization of gravitational waves leads to the formation of electric and magnetic field lines.
Many people have already created devices and were able to receive the energy of the Earth's gravitation due to electromagnetic effects, acting intuitively and often without even understanding of the true of action physical mechanism of these devices. Under the pretext that this is impossible and is charlatanism, the troublemakers are neutralized. Therefore, practically all operating models of installations have been bought up, and all the principles and details of the designs of these installations have been patented for the future. Business people are now unprofitable new physics, but they are ready for unexpected changes. In the meantime, they operate on the principle that fish are caught with nets better in muddy waters.
Thus, technologies using the energy of gravity are the only way to prevent an ecological catastrophe and the complete destruction of life on Earth. But first, something needs to be done to make the use of gravitational energy beneficial for all people, without exception.
I apologize for the harshness of the statements and the gloominess of the predictions.
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