Computing has dramatically changed nearly every aspect of our lives, from business and agriculture to communication and entertainment. As a nation, we rely on computing in the design of systems for energy, transportation and defense; and computing fuels scientific discoveries that will improve our fundamental understanding of the world and help develop solutions to major challenges in health and the environment. Computing innovations “at the high end” tend to “trickle down,” leading to increased performance and new applications of computing throughout the entire performance spectrum. These advances have relied on computing innovations in the broadest sense: faster algorithms, new mathematical and statistical models, powerful programming abstractions, ubiquitous high performance networks, and computing systems that have become smaller, faster, cheaper and more accessible over time.