Compared to specimens with larger or non-equiaxed grains, ultrafine-equiaxed metal specimens offer the following advantages:

1. Improved Mechanical Properties:

A microstructure with ultrafine-equiaxed grains can have significantly improved mechanical properties, such as higher strength, ductility, and toughness. In equiaxed grains, the high density of grain boundaries results in reduced dislocation mobility and improved grain boundary strengthening.

2. Enhanced Wear Resistance:

In ultrafine-equiaxed grains, high grain boundary density can also contribute to enhanced wear resistance due to a higher resistance to crack propagation along the boundary.

3. Improved Fatigue Performance:

Having high-density ultrafine-equiaxed grains and their associated grain boundaries can improve fatigue performance by reducing crack initiation and propagation rates.

4. Better Formability:

In comparison to materials with larger grain sizes, ultrafine-equiaxed grains can exhibit improved formability because they can deform more uniformly and distribute strain more evenly throughout the material.

5. Reduced Component Weight:

With ultrafine-equiaxed grains, materials can be designed and manufactured to have the same strength and durability as larger-grained materials with better mechanical properties. Aerospace and automotive structures can benefit from significant weight reductions and fuel savings as a result.

As a result, metal specimens with ultrafine-equiaxed grains possess many advantages, especially in structures or load-bearing components, where high strength, ductility, and toughness are required.