The piezoelectric sensors in kHz frequency and preferably wide-band are the solution. The frequency generation will also depend the speed of the train. So it is my suggestion to use more than one sensors rather than single. Proper bonding of the transducer with the rail with smooth surface would be the requirement for better sensitivity
The PVDF film sensors are broadband and will work from a few Hz to to their resonant frequency in the MHz range. They do need to be bonded to the metal though (epoxy). They are a favorite for use as a guitar pickup.