**Cognates:**

- **Sumerian:** *ḫa-lam* - to forsake, destroy, to forget, evil

- **Turkic:**

- *Kiāl-* - to remain, possibly linked to forsaking or leaving behind.

- *Alk-* - to destroy, forget; linked to bad/evil in Sumerian.

- *Āl* - deceit, linked to the Sumerian sense of something bad or negative.

**Phonological Comparison:**

- Sumerian **ḫa-** vs. Turkic **al-**/*kial-*: Initial *k* might have shifted to *h* in Sumerian, or there's a common root with vowel change.

- Variation in vowel and consonant clusters shows potential phonetic evolution.

**Semantic Analysis:**

- **Sumerian** has meanings ranging from forsaking to destruction or being evil.

- **Tungusic, Mongolic, and Turkic** terms show a range from negative emotions (anger, envy) to physical or moral destruction, and deceit.

**Reconstruction:**

- A possible proto-form might be ** *hali-* or ** *kali-**, linking actions of leaving behind, destruction, or negative emotional states.

This suggests an ancient root possibly related to negative actions or states, evolving in these language families.

- **Cognates:**

- Sumerian: **ki-šur₂** (grave, hole)

- Tungusic: **PTung. *kuǯur-** (to cover, bury)

- Mongolic: **Mong. *kuǯir** (sand, steppe, earth)

- Turkic: **TR: *çukur** (hole)

- **Phonetics:**

- Initial **'k'** is consistent.

- Vowel shift from 'i' to 'u'/'ç'.

- **'š'** in Sumerian vs. **'ǯ'/'ç'** in others, suggesting phonological evolution.

- **Semantics:**

- Sumerian: digging into earth (grave).

- Tungusic: action of covering with earth.

- Mongolic: types of earth.

- Turkic: result of digging (hole).

- **Reconstruction:**

- Proto-form possibly ** *kiǯur-** or ** *kuǯur-**, meaning related to earth and grave manipulation. This shows a likely common origin with semantic broadening or narrowing.

Applying the comparative method:

**Cognates:**

- **Sumerian:** *ibila* - heir, inheritance

- **Mongolic:** *(h)öb* - share, inheritance

- **Turkic:** *üp* - to rob or take, which could metaphorically relate to inheritance as taking over someone's possessions.

**Phonological Comparison:**

- **Sumerian 'ibila'** vs. **Mongolic '(h)öb'**: There's a potential shift in initial vowel from 'i' to 'ö', and the 'l' in Sumerian might correspond to 'b' in Mongolic, considering sound changes over time.

- **Turkic 'üp'**: The initial 'i' could be related through a vowel shift or loss of initial 'i' sound.

**Semantic Analysis:**

- **Sumerian** directly means "heir" or someone who inherits.

- **Mongolic** term relates to the concept of inheritance or a share of something.

- **Turkic** usage as "to rob or take" might reflect the act of taking over inheritance, albeit in a more aggressive or sudden context.

**Reconstruction:**

- A proto-form might be something like ** *ib-* or ** *üp-**, where:

- The meaning could be linked to the concept of receiving or taking over (inheritance or share).

- The phonetic elements suggest a common root with variations in consonants and vowels due to linguistic evolution.

This comparison indicates a possible shared ancient root related to the concept of inheritance or taking possession.

**Cognates:**

- **Sumerian:** *ḫa-la* - share, inheritance share

- **Mongolic:** *kala-* - to change, alternate

- **Turkic:** *Kalɨm* - ransom for bride, fee

Turkish *halı (carpet) derives from this root "kalın" which meant "bride trausseau" or "dowry".

- **Tungusic:** *kalta* xalta- to split, divide

**Phonological Comparison:**

- **Sumerian 'ḫa-la'** vs. **Mongolic 'kala-'**: The initial 'ḫ' might correspond to 'k', suggesting a potential shift or variation in the initial consonant.

- **Turkic 'Kalɨm'**: The initial 'K' aligns with both Sumerian and Mongolic, with variations in vowels.

- **Tungusic 'kalta'**: Similar initial 'k', but with a different ending, possibly indicating a common root with added suffix.

**Semantic Analysis:**

- **Sumerian** term directly relates to the concept of dividing or sharing an inheritance.

- **Mongolic** shows a sense of change or alternation, which can relate to distribution or allocation.

- **Turkic** term involves payment or exchange, which can be linked to the idea of a share or portion given in return.

- **Tungusic** directly means to divide or split, closely aligning with the concept of sharing or dividing.

**Reconstruction:**

- A proto-form could be something like ** *kala-* or ** *kal-**, where:

- The root might originally signify an action of division or distribution.

- Variations in usage reflect how this concept of division was applied differently across cultures.

This indicates a possible shared ancient root related to the act of dividing, sharing, or changing possession, with semantic shifts according to cultural or linguistic evolution.

**Cognates:**

- **Sumerian:** *nam* - fate, destiny, order

- **Tungusic:** *ńiam-* - trace, to trace

- **Turkic:** *jam* - post station

**Phonological Comparison:**

- **Sumerian 'nam'**: Initial 'n'.

- **Tungusic 'ńiam-'**: The initial 'ń' could be a palatalized form of 'n', and the vowel 'i' might suggest a shift or addition.

- **Turkic 'jam'**: Similar to Sumerian with an initial 'j' (which can sometimes be related to 'n' or 'ń' through historical phonetic changes).

**Semantic Analysis:**

- **Sumerian** uses 'nam' to denote fate or a set order, which implies something that is pre-determined or follows a path.

- **Tungusic** 'ńiam-' focuses on traces or following a path, which metaphorically could link to fate or destiny as a journey one traces or follows.

- **Turkic** 'jam' as a post station might not directly relate to fate, but the idea of stations or points along a journey could metaphorically connect to life's predetermined paths or stages.

**Reconstruction:**

- A possible proto-form might be something like ** *nam-* or ** *ńam-**, where:

- The root could signify a concept of following or tracing a predetermined path or destiny.

- The semantic divergence might reflect different cultural interpretations or uses of a similar concept.

This comparison suggests a possible ancient linguistic and conceptual link between fate, destiny, and the notion of following or tracing a path, though with significant semantic evolution in different language groups.

**Sumerian *dirig*:**

- **Meanings:** To exceed, surpass, float, drift, soak, and as a noun for a reed raft.

**Comparative Roots:**

- **Tungusic:**

- *turki*: Sleigh, which like a raft, is a mode of transportation.

- *tilka-*: Overflowing, which can be connected to the concept of floating or drifting.

- *dir-*: Thickness or abundance, could relate to the idea of exceeding or being large.

- **Mongolic:**

- *terge*: Vehicle, directly relates to the transportation aspect of a raft.

- *čilga-*: Overflow, similar to *tilka-* in Tungusic, relevant to floating or dispersing in liquid.

- *čirgaɣu*: Hard or stiff, might connect to the rigidity of a raft structure.

- **Turkic:**

- *dīri-*: Life, survival, which could metaphorically extend to floating as a means to survive in water.

- *dīre-*: To support, relates to the structural aspect of building high or standing tall.

- *tēŕ-*: Fleeing or running away, could metaphorically relate to the movement of floating away.

- **Other:**

- *del(u)-*: To become faint or dissolve, directly connects with the idea of soaking or dissolving in liquid.

- *delkē(n)*: Platform or decking, closely related to the concept of a raft.

**Phonological and Semantic Analysis:**

- **Phonology:** The root *dir* or *tir* appears with variations in initial consonants ('d'/'t') across languages, suggesting a common phonetic origin.

- **Semantics:**

- The theme of **movement** (float, drift, run away) is prominent.

- **Excess or abundance** (exceed, overflow) might relate to the physical properties of floating objects or the act of surpassing expectations.

- **Structure or support** (raft, decking) connects directly to the physical form of a raft.

**Hypothetical Proto-Form:**

- A proto-form like ** *dir-* or ** *tir-* could be proposed, where:

- It initially might signify something related to elevation, movement over or through, or a structural support for transportation, expanding into various meanings seen today.

This analysis suggests that *dirig* could be part of a broader linguistic phenomenon where a single root or concept has diversified across languages, embodying ideas of surpassing, moving, and structural support, which are all relevant to the concept of a raft.

Key Sound Rules and Contextual Associations among Sumerian and Altaic Languages

1. Agricultural Tools:

Sumerian: "ab-" for agriculture (e.g., apin (plow), absin (furrow).

Proto-Turkic: abɨl (hoe, plow) iz, hizan (furrow).

Sumerian "ab" connects to the Proto-Turkic concept of agricultural tools, with Turkic iz and Old Turkic hizan for marking furrows. The term "sin~izin" shows possible historical adaptation of consonants, questioning Proto-Turkic reconstructions i.e iru, iri (furrow, trace)

2. Social and Familial Roles:

Sumerian: "abba" (witness/father), "abara" (adoptee).

Turkic: Proto-Turkic pa (relative), Turkic baba (father), and jaba (witness).

Transformation Insight: The "j" front sound rule indicates an ancient transformation in Turkic, where family terms like jubga/jabgu (bastard, adoptee) and jaba reflect familial inclusion, paralleling Sumerian abara for adoption.

3. Materiality and Raw Substances:

Sumerian: "abri" (raw material) "ab" (window) "ab" (vessel)

Proto-Turkic: kabɨ-r (husk/shell), kapı (door, window) kabı (vessel)

Transformation Insight: The base "ab" aligns with foundational elements in both languages, representing raw or unprocessed material states in Turkic words like kabɨ and kapı (vessel/gateway).

4. Functionaries and Titles:

Sumerian: "abrig" (cultic functionary), abgal (sage/priest).

Turkic: api/abɨ-n (rest/enjoyment), abdal (a revered state in the Western Turkic isogloss).

Transformation Insight: The term carries a revered state, linking to Turkic abdal, illustrating a symbolic cultural parallel to the esteemed role in Sumerian religious hierarchy.

5. Nesting and Protection:

Sumerian: "ablal" (nest), balal (small).

Turkic: bāla/balɨk (young animal/nestling).

Transformation Insight: In Turkic, the word bala associates with youth or care, similar to Sumerian "ab" for nurturing spaces, indicating a common theme of security and protection.

6. Grinding and Milling:

Sumerian: "ablil" (material for millstones), lil (as in Enlil).

Turkic: ov-, ub- (to crush/grind).

Transformation Insight: Reflects transformative processes in Turkic (e.g., ovmak), linking to Sumerian concepts of preparing raw materials. The root "lil"relates to Turkic jel/yel (wind).

7. Gore and Violence:

Sumerian: "abtir" (gore).

Proto-Tungusic: pāt(i)- (to strike)

Turkic "batır-" (to stab) "batur" (warrier, hero)

Transformation Insight: A clear alignment with the aggressive action, with "ab" connoting violence in Sumerian and similarly in Tungusic "pa" Turkic "ba".

8. Storage and Containment:

Sumerian: "abrum" (storage facility).

Mongolic: gömür- (storage).

Turkic: ambar (grain storage).

Transformation Insight: Sumerian "abrum" finds a continuity in the concept of containment, with Turkic ambar used in agricultural contexts as a storage solution

andul [SHADE] N (79x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Lagash II, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic wr. an-dul₃; an-dul; ŋešan-dul; an-dul₇; andulₓ(SAGg); gian-dul₃; an-dul₃sar; an-dul₅; ŋešan-dul₃ "shade"

[1]𒀭𒊨an-dul₃

[3]𒀭𒌋𒌆an-dul

[5]𒊨𒊨andulₓ(S

TR: *KENDİ (SELF)

*­kanıt῾ to reach, proof

*yansı- to reflect

ibila [HEIR] N (412x) Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. ibila; i₃-bi₂-la; ŋešibila; ibila₂; ibila₃; ibilaₓ(TUR.DIŠ); ibilaₓ(TUR.NE); i₃-bi-lu "heir"

[1] 𒌉𒍑 ibila

[2] 𒉌𒉈𒆷 i₃-bi₂-la

[3] 𒄑𒌉𒍑 ŋeš ibila

[4] 𒌉𒀴 ibila₂

[5] 𒌉𒊕 ibila₃

[6] 𒌉𒁹𒌉𒁹 ibilaₓ(TUR.DIŠ)

[7] 𒌉𒉈𒌉𒉈 ibilaₓ(TUR.NE)

[8] 𒉌𒁉𒇻 i₃-bi-lu

PMong. *(h)öb share, allotted part, inheritance (надел, доля, на-

следство): WMong. öb (L 627); Kh. öv.

PTurk. *üp 1 to rob, snatch, abduct 2 trophies, treasures. Karakh. üple

sag [GOOD] V/i (1958x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Persian, Hellenistic, Uncertain, unknown wr. sag₉; sag₈; sag₁₀; sag₉-sag₉; sa₇; sa; sag₃; sig₁₅v; sa₇-ga; sa₇-sa₇; šeg₁₀; sa₃; sa₇-ge; sa₇-gen₇; sa₇sa; sig₉; sigₓ(ERIN₂); zag; sa-sa; sag; sa₂-sa₂; sa-asag₉; sa-asa₇; sasa₇; si₃-gasag₉; ša; sag₃-sag₃; sa₃-ge; sig "(to be) good TR sağ, sweet, beautiful; (to be) favorable (of an omen) TR sağ sağlam/sağlim; to make good TR sağla-, improve; to approve (the quality of something)TR sağlama (in math); to prepare (meat) TR sac (kavurma); wellness (sağlık), good (thing)"

See bar sag[please]V/t, igi sag[look at with favor]V/t, saŋ sag[lop off]V/t, šag sag[feel better]V/t, ur sag[ameliorate]V/t.

[1] 𒊷 sag₉

[2] 𒆗 sag₈

[3] 𒅆𒂟 sag₁₀

[4] 𒊷𒊷 sag₉-sag₉

[5] 𒅊 sa₇

[6] 𒊓 sa

[7] 𒉺 sag₃

[8] sig₁₅v

[9] 𒅊𒂵 sa₇-ga

[10] 𒅊𒅊 sa₇-sa₇

[11] 𒆂 šeg₁₀

[12] 𒍝 sa₃

[13] 𒅊𒄀 sa₇-ge

[14] 𒅊𒁶 sa₇-gen₇

[15] 𒅊𒊓 sa₇ sa

[16] 𒋛 sig₉

[17] 𒂟 sigₓ(ERIN₂)

[18] 𒍠 zag

[19] 𒊓𒊓 sa-sa

[20] 𒊕 sag

[21] 𒁲𒁲 sa₂-sa₂

[22] 𒊓𒀀𒊷 sa-asag₉

[23] 𒊓𒀀𒅊 sa-asa₇

[24] 𒊓𒅊 sa sa₇

[25] 𒋧𒂵𒊷 si₃-gasag₉

[26] 𒊭 ša

[27] 𒉺𒉺 sag₃-s

TR: sağ (alive, right) sağlam (durable, good)

akar [ARMOR] N (8x) Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic wr. akar; kušakar; akarₓ(EN%EN); a₂-kar₂ "armor"

[1] 𒉬 akar

[2] 𒋢𒉬 kuš akar

[3] 𒂛𒂛 akarₓ(EN%EN)

[4] 𒀉𒃸 a₂-kar

k῾ắka to break, tear off: Tung. *xak-; Mong. *kaka- / *kaga-; Turk.

*KAk-; Jpn. *kák-.

PTung. *xaK- 1 to cut off 2 to tear off, separate (1 подрезать, пере-

резать 2 отделять, отрывать): Neg. akị- / kakị- 1; Ul. χaqpa-lụ- 2; Ork.

χaqpa- 2; Nan. χāGa- 1, χaqpā- 2; Ud. akpinda- 1, kakpaligi- 2.

◊ ТМС 1, 25, 363.

PMong. *kaka- / *kaga- to break, tear off (ломать, расщеплять, от-

дирать): MMong. qaqal- (SH), qaqača- ‘to divide’ (HY 34), qaɣal- (IM);

WMong. qaqa- (L 906: qaɣal-, qaɣala-); Kh. xaga-; Bur. xaxa-; Kalm. xaɣəl-

(КРС); Ord. xaGal-; Mog. qakara- (Weiers); Dag. xagalā- (Тод. Даг. 172),

hagere-, hagare-, hagelā- (MD 155); Dong. GaGača- ‘to part’ (Тод. Дн.);

Mongr. xaGali-; xaGarā- 1 ‘fendre, briser, casser, morceler; se fendre, se

fêler 1’ (SM 150).

PTurk. *KAk- to hit, knock, tear (бить, стучать, рвать): Karakh. qaq-

(MK); Tur. kak-; Gag. qaq-; Az. Gax-; Turkm. qaq-, qaqɨl-; MTurk. qaq-

(Houts., AH, Qutb, MA); Uzb. qɔq-; Uygh. qaq-; Krm. qaq-; Tat. qaq-;

Bashk. qaq-; Kirgh. qaq-; Kaz. qaq-; KBalk. qaq-; KKalp. qaq-; Kum. qaq-;

Nogh. qaq-; Khak. xa

gul [DESTROY] V/t (1193x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Ebla, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, Uncertain, unknown wr. gul; gul-gul; gu-la; gu-ul; gu-ul-gu-ul; gu; gu-le; gul-lu-u₈; gu-lu-u₈; gul-ul; gu-lu; ku; gu-ul-gu-la "to destroy; to break (up), pulverize; to flatten; to carve, cut; to engrave; to go bad (said of foodstuffs); to shave (hair); to strip a boat; to whet; to erase (debt); to trim; to hold back, restrain"

See er gul[restrain crying]V/t, gi gul[process reeds]V/t, gisal gul[process reeds]V/t, kug a gula[payment]N, ura gul[erase a debt]V/t.

[1] 𒄢 gul

[2] 𒄢𒄢 gul-gul

[3] 𒄖𒆷 gu-la

[4] 𒄖𒌌 gu-ul

[5] 𒄖𒌌𒄖𒌌 gu-ul-gu-ul

[6] 𒄖 gu

[7] 𒄖𒇷 gu-le

[8] 𒄢𒇻𒇇 gul-lu-u₈

[9] 𒄖𒇻𒇇 gu-lu-u₈

[10] 𒄢𒌌 gul-ul

[11] 𒄖𒇻 gu-lu

[12] 𒆪 ku

[13] 𒄖𒌌𒄖𒆷 gu-ul-gu-la

PTung. *mul- 1 to fall ill 2 weak, tired (1 заболевать 2 слабый, ус-

талый): Evk. mul- (Вас.), multe 2.

◊ ТМС 1, 555 (Evk. > Yak. möltö-, not vice versa). Attested only in Evk., but having

possible external parallels.

PTurk. *bül- 1 to be destroyed, ruined 2 to destroy (1 разрушаться,

разоряться 2 разрушать): MTurk. OKypch. bül- ‘to remove, fire’ (AH);

Krm. bül- 1; Tat. böl- 1; Bashk. böl- 1; Kirgh. bülün- ‘to be alarmed’; Kaz.

bülin- 1, büldir

halam [FORSAKE] V/t (171x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. ḫa-lam; ḫa-la; ḫa-la-ma; ḫa-al-ma; ḫa-la-mi "to forsake, forget; to destroy; (to be) bad, evil; destroy"

[1] 𒄩𒇴 ḫa-lam

[2] 𒄩𒆷 ḫa-la

[3] 𒄩𒆷𒈠 ḫa-la-ma

[4] 𒄩𒀠𒈠 ḫa-al-ma

PTurk. *Kiāl- to stay behind, remain (оставаться): OTurk. qal-

(Orkh., OUygh., Yenis.); Karakh. qal- (MK, KB); Tur. kal-; Az. Gal-;

Turkm. Gāl-; MTurk. qal- (Sangl., Qutb., Houts., AH, IM, MA, Pav. C.);

Uzb. qɔl-; Uygh. qal-; Tat. qal-; Bashk. qal-; Kirgh. qal-; Kaz. qal-; KBalk.

qal-; KKalp. qal-; Kum. qal-; Nogh. qal-; Khak. xal-; Shr. qal-; Oyr. qal-;

Tv. qal-; Tof. qal-; Chuv. jol-; Yak. xāl-

­ālV to destroy, kill: Tung. *āli-; Mong. *ala-; Turk. *Alk- to destroy, forget *alık

ā­li to deceive, trick: Tung. *ali-, *alak-; Mong. *aliɣa; Turk. *Āl; Jpn.

*ira-p-; Kor. *ìrbń-.

PTung. *ali-, *alak- 1 to be angry 2 to endure 3 to regret 4 to envy (1

сердиться 2 терпеть 3 сожалеть, каяться 4 завидовать): Evk. ali- 1;

Evn. alêl- 1; Neg. alị- 1, alaxị- 4; Man. aĺa- 3; Ul. alị- 2; Nan. alị- 2, alaqị 4;

Orch. ali- 2; Sol. aĺ-, alī- 1.

◊ ТМС 1, 29, 32.

PMong. *aliɣa 1 frolic, tricksy 2 to deceive (1 игривый, шаловли- PM *(h)ali-ɣa ‘frolic, tricksy’, *albi-n ‘devil, evil spirit’,

вый 2 обманывать): MMong. alija (SH, Козин) 1; WMong. alija 1 (L 32),

alašira- 2 (Ko 74); Kh. alia 1; Bur. aĺā 1; Kalm. aĺā, äĺǟn 1; Ord. aĺā; Dag. əlē

1.

◊ KW 6, 22. Cf. also albin ‘devil, evil spirit’ ( > Yak., Dolg. albɨn ‘deception, liar’ (Kał.

MEJ 56, Stachowski 31).

PTurk. *Āl 1 device, trick, deceit 2 to deceive (1 обман, хитрость 2

обманывать): OTurk. al 1 (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.), al-ta- 2 (OUygh.);

Karakh. āl 1 (MK, KB), alda- (MK); Tur. al 1, aldat- 2; Az. al 1 (dial.),

al-da-n- ‘to be deceived, to err’; Turkm. āl 1, ālda- 2; MTurk. al 1, alda- 2;

Uzb. alda- 2; Uygh. aldi- 2; Tat. alda- 2; Bashk. alda- 2; Kirgh. alda- 2; Kaz.

alda- 2; KBalk. alda- 2; KKalp. alda- 2; Kum. al 1, alda- 2; Nogh. alda- 2;

Khak. alda- 2; Shr. alda- 2.

kab [TEST] V/t (80x) Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian wr. kab₂; kab; kabₓ(SAG×A) "to test"

See kab dug[check]V/t.

[1] 𒅘 kab₂

[2] 𒆏 kab

[3] 𒊖𒊖 kabₓ(SAG×A)

TR: kab, kavra (comprehend)

kišur [GRAVE] N (3x) Ur III, Old Babylonian wr. ki-šur₂; ki-šur₂⁻ "grave; hole"

[1] 𒆠𒊨 ki-šur₂

[2] 𒆠𒊕 ki-šur₂⁻

­kiaǯurV sand, steppe, earth: Tung. *kuǯur-; Mong. *kuǯir; Turk. *Kạjɨr.

PTung. *kuǯur- to cover, bury (with soil) (заваливать (землей)):

Neg. kuǯuj

TR: *çukur (hole)

lukibadra [FOREIGNER] N (1x) Neo-Assyrian wr. lu₂-ki-pabad-ra₂; lu₂-ki-bad-ra₂ "foreigner"

[1] 𒇽𒆠𒉺𒁁𒁺 lu₂-ki-pabad-ra₂

[2] 𒇽𒆠𒁁𒁺 lu₂-ki-bad-ra₂

lukur [STRANGER] N (111x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic wr. lu₂-kur₂; kur₂; lu₂-kur; lu₂-gu-ur "stranger, foreigner"

[1] 𒇽𒉽 lu₂-kur₂

[2] 𒉽 kur₂

[3] 𒇽𒆳 lu₂-kur

[4] 𒇽𒄖𒌨 lu₂-gu-ur

PMong. *nökör friend (друг): MMong. nokor (HY 31, SH), nūkər

(IM); WMong. nökör (L 593: nökür); Kh. nöxör; Bur. nüxer; Kalm. nökr;

Ord. nöχör; Dag. nugur (Тод. Даг. 158); Dong. nokiə; Bao. noker (Тод.

Бн.); S.-Yugh. nökör; Mongr. nokor (SM 283), nukor (Huzu) 3.

◊ KW 279, MGCD 515. Despite Doerfer TMN 1, 521ff the attested MMong. noko’e

(SH; = nököɣe) ‘other, second’ does not prove that the original meaning was ‘other’: cf. Russ. другой ‘other’, transparently derived < друг ‘friend’). Mong. > Chuv. kər-nüker дружка’ (see Róna-Tas 1973-1974

­pắdà to spread; flag, standard: Tung. *pad-; Mong. *bad-; Turk.

*bAd-rak / *bAd-ruk; Jpn. *pátà.

PTung. *pad- 1 to spread out (animal’s skin) 2 name of a game

(spreading a rope between fingers) 3 to arrange (in a row) (1 растяги-

вать, распяливать (шкуру животного) 2 натягивание шнура между

пальцами (назв. игры) 3 расставлять, раскладывать): Evk. hadarga 2;

Man. fajda- 3, fajdan ‘row’; SMan. faidən ‘row’ (1624); Ork. pādda- 1.

◊ ТМС 2, 297, 308.

PMong. *bad- 1 to spread, expand, develop 2 flag, standard (1 рас-

простирать, распространяться 2 флаг, знамя): WMong. badara- 1,

badaŋ 2 (L 66); Kh. badra- 1, badan 2; Bur. badar- 1; Kalm. badr- 1; Ord.

badara- 1; Dag. badara- 1 (Тод. Даг. 123), badare

­p῾āda to separate, some, other: Tung. *pādi; Turk. *adɨ-; Jpn. *pá(n)tú-;

Kor. *ptắ-n.

PTung. *pādi separate(ly) (отдельный, отдельно): Evk. hādi ‘some,

part of’; Evn. hādị-n ‘some, other’; Man. faǯu ‘space between’; Ul. pāǯị;

Ork. padị; Nan. pāǯị; Sol. adĩ ‘some’.

◊ ТМС 2, 305-306. TM *pā ‘part’ (ibid.) is probably a different root (there is no

-di-suffix in TM), so Doerfer’s (MT 239) doubts about TM *pādi- = Turk. *ad- have no ground.

PTurk. *adɨ-r- to separate (отделять):

TR: *bazı

sar [WRITE] V/t (230x) Early Dynastic I-II, Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Persian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. sar; sar-sar; sa; sa-ra; sar-re-x-x; sarar; sa₂-re "to write"

See dub sar[writer]N, kišib mu sara[seal]N.

[1] 𒊬 sar

[2] 𒊬𒊬 sar-sar

[3] 𒊓 sa

[4] 𒊓𒊏 sa-ra

[5] 𒊬𒊑XX sar-re-x-x

[6] 𒊬𒅈 sar ar

[7] 𒁲𒊑 sa₂-re

*saŕi to know; beware, feel: Tung. *sā-; Mong. *seri-; Turk. *sEŕ- (~-ē-);

Jpn. *sír-; Kor. *sari-.

PTung. *sā- to know (знать): Evk. sā-; Evn. hā-; Neg. sā-; Man. sa-;

SMan. sa- (1856); Jurch. ĉaŋ-xi (353); Ul. sāwụ; Ork. sā-; Nan. sā-; Orch.

sā-; Ud. sā-; Sol. sā-.

◊ ТМС 2, 49-51.

PMong. *seri- to wake; notice (просыпаться; замечать): MMong.

seri- (HY 35, SH), sere-ba ‘to feel, sense’ (HY 33), sere- (SH), siri-, sri-

(MA), sīr- (IM); WMong. sere-, seri- (L 689); Kh. sere-; Bur. heri-; Kalm.

ser-; Ord. sere-; Mog. serä-; Dag. sere- (Тод. Даг. 163, MD 211); Dong.

šieri-; Bao. sere-; S.-Yugh. ser-; Mongr. sari- (SM 327), (MGCD serə-).

◊ KW 325, MGCD 600. Mong. > Evk. seri- etc. (see Doerfer MT 38, Rozycki 178).

PTurk. *sEŕ- (~-ē-) 1 to feel, understand 2 doubt (1 чувствовать, по-

нимать, воспринимать 2 сомнение): Karakh. sez- (MK) 1; Tur. sez- 1;

Az. sez- 1; Turkm. seza(wār); MTurk. sez- 1 (Pav. C., Abush.); Uzb. sez- 1;

Uygh. säz- 1; Krm. sez- 1; Tat. siz- 1; Bashk. hiδ- 1; Kirgh. sez- 1, sez ‘feel-

ing’; Kaz. sez- 1; KBalk.

sipad [SHEPHERD] N (4467x) Early Dynastic I-II, Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Persian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. sipad; lu₂sipad; sa-pa; si-pa; su₈-ba "shepherd; herder"

[1] 𒉺𒇻 sipad

[2] 𒇽𒉺𒇻 lu₂ sipad

[3] 𒊓𒉺 sa-pa

[4] 𒋛𒉺 si-pa

[5] 𒁻𒁀 su₈-ba ~ TR *çoban

1292 instances

si [HORN] N (1292x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Ebla, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, Uncertain, unknown wr. si; ŋešsi; si-si; ŋešsi-si; simušen; si₂; urudsi; si-in; ŋešŋešsi "horn; finger; fret; bow, prow; protuberance, point; sprout; part of the moon"

See si e[sprout]V/t, si gu rah[blow the horn]V/t, si mu[sprout]V/t, si sa[straighten]V/t.

[1] 𒋛 si

[2] 𒄑𒋛 ŋeš si

[3] 𒋛𒋛 si-si

­sĭgò deer, horned animal: Tung. *sig- / *seg-; Mong. *seɣenek ( ~ -i-);

Turk. *sɨg-; Jpn. *sika.

PTung. *sig- / seg- wild deer (дикий олень): Evk. segǯen, dial. sek-

serge; Nan. segǯi ‘herd of wild swine’; Ud. sigisa ‘годовалый изюбр’.

◊ ТМС 1, 325, 327; 2, 136.

PMong. *seɣenek ( ~ -i-) he-goat (2 years old) (козел (2 лет)):

WMong. segenek (L 684: sejinüg); Kh. sijneg; Bur. hīneg ῾castrated

he-goat; ox’; Kalm. sīnək.

◊ KW 328.

PTurk. *sɨg- 1 deer, male maral 2 large bovine (1 олень, марал 2 ко-

рова, крупный рогатый скот): OTurk. sɨɣun 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. sɨɣun

1, sɨɣɨr 2 (MK); Tur. sn 1, sr 2; Gag. sr

­p῾āda to separate, some, other: Tung. *pādi; Turk. *adɨ-; Jpn. *pá(n)tú-;

azag [TABOO] N (72x) Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian wr. azag; uz-ga; an-zag; usagₓ(U.ŠA); sagₓ(AN); azagzag; a-sag; usagₓ(U.ŠA)ki; sausagₓ(U.ŠA); sausagₓ(U.ŠA)ki "goods, treasure; treasury; taboo, forbidden thing; cella, shrine"

[1] 𒆬𒀭 azag

[2] 𒊻𒂵 uz-ga

[3] 𒀭𒍠 an-zag

[4] 𒌋𒊭𒌋𒊭 usagₓ(U.ŠA)

[5] 𒀭 sagₓ(AN)

[6] 𒆬𒀭𒍠 azag zag

[7] 𒀀𒊕 a-sag

[8] 𒌋𒊭𒌋𒊭𒆠 usagₓ(U.ŠA)ki

[9] 𒊓𒌋𒊭𒌋𒊭 sausagₓ(U.ŠA)

[10] 𒊓𒌋𒊭𒌋𒊭𒆠 sausagₓ(U.ŠA)ki

TR: Yasak

PTurk. *jAsa- 1 to determine, govern 2 to create (1 определять,

управлять 2 создавать): Tur. jasa- 1; Turkm. jasa- 2; Sal. jasa- 2; MTurk.

jasa- 1 (Ettuhf., Pav. C., Abush.) 1, 2; Uzb. jasa- 2; Uygh. jasa- 2; Krm.

jasa- 1, 2; Tat. jasa- 1, 2; Bashk. jaha- 1, 2; Kirgh. ǯasa- 1, 2; Kaz. žasa- 2;

KKalp. žasa- 2; Kum. jasa- 2; Nogh. jasa- 2; Khak. čaza- 2; Shr. čaza- 2;

Oyr. jaza-, aza- 1, 2; Tv. čaza- 2. (p. 465)

PTurk. *jạr- 1 order 2 announcement, call 3 judge 4 law, justice (1

приказ 2 объявление, клич 3 судья 4 закон, правосудие): OTurk.

jar-lɨɣ 1,2 (OUygh.), jarɣan 3; Karakh. jar-lɨɣ 1,2 (MK); Tur. jar, ǯar 2

(dial.); Az. ǯar 2 (dial.); Turkm. jarlɨq 1, dial. ǯar 2; MTurk. jar 2

(Abush.), jar-lɨɣ 1,2 (Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. jarɣu 4, dial. ǯar 2; Uygh. ǯar

2; Tat. jar 2, jarlɨq 1; Kirgh. ǯar 2; Kaz. žar 2; KKalp. žar 2; Oyr. ar 2; Tv.

čar 2; Chuv. śɨrlъx 1.

PTurk. *Agɨ 1 treasure 2 silk brocade (1 сокровище 2 парча):

OTurk. aɣɨ (Orkh., OUygh.) 1; Karakh. aɣɨ (MK, KB) 2; Tur. Osm. aɣɨ,

dial. aɣɨ 2; MTurk. aɣɨ 2. (p. 275)

K

agar [MEADOW] N (371x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, unknown wr. a-gar₃; agar₄; a-gar; a-ga-ar; agar₂; a-gar₃-a-gar₃; agar₃; aagar₄; a-ga-ar-a-ga-ra; a-ga; a-ga-ar-a-ga-ar; a-ga-ar-a-ga-re "meadow"

[1] 𒀀𒃼 a-gar₃

[2] 𒅊 agar₄

[3] 𒀀𒃻 a-gar

[4] 𒀀𒂵𒅈 a-ga-ar

[5] 𒇋 agar₂

[6] 𒀀𒃼𒀀𒃼 a-gar₃-a-gar₃

[7] 𒆻 agar₃

[8] 𒀀𒅊 a agar₄

[9] 𒀀𒂵𒅈𒀀𒂵𒊏 a-ga-ar-a-ga-ra

[10] 𒀀𒂵 a-ga

[11] 𒀀𒂵𒅈𒀀𒂵𒅈 a-ga-ar-a-ga-ar

[12] 𒀀𒂵𒅈𒀀𒂵𒊑 a-ga-ar-a-ga-r

PA *ăgu ‘uninhabited place, wilderness’ [not attested suffixless; with a

different suffix PTM *agī- ‘to walk without a road’]: PT *ag-la-k ‘wil-

derness’) TR *çayır

ašer [LAMENT] N (ES) (305x) Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. a-še-er; a-še-ra; a-še-ra-am₃; a-ši-ir; a-še-re; a-ši-re; a-še-e-er; a-še-x; a-ši-ra; ma-še-er; a-šešer₇; a-še-er-ra; a-šer₇ "sigh, weeping; lament"

[1] 𒀀𒊺𒅕 a-še-er

[2] 𒀀𒊺𒊏 a-še-ra

[3] 𒀀𒊺𒊏𒀀𒀭 a-še-ra-am₃

[4] 𒀀𒅆𒅕 a-ši-ir

[5] 𒀀𒊺𒊑 a-še-re

[6] 𒀀𒅆𒊑 a-ši-re

[7] 𒀀𒊺𒂊𒅕 a-še-e-er

[8] 𒀀𒊺X a-še-x

[9] 𒀀𒅆𒊏 a-ši-ra

[10] 𒈠𒊺𒅕 ma-še-er

[11] 𒀀𒊺𒉪 a-šešer₇

[12] 𒀀𒊺𒅕𒊏 a-še-er-ra

[13] 𒀀𒉪 a-šer₇

TR: yas (mourning) yaş (tear)

PTurk. *ēĺ- 1 to dig 2 to tear, rip open 3 to row 4 to swim 5 to throw

away (1 копать 2 рвать 3 грести 4 плавать 5 выкидывать): Tur. eš- 1;

Az. eš- 2; Turkm. ijš-gek ῾oar’; Khal. häšü-; MTurk. eš- 1 (Abush.); Tat. iš-

2; Kirgh. eš- 1; Khak. is- 3; Tv. ešti- 4, eš- 3; Tof. eš-, e’hit- 3; Chuv. alt- 1;

Yak. es-, is- (p. 502)

aš [CURSE] N (110x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, unknown wr. aš₂; aš; aš₃; a₂-aš "curse; (be) cursed"

See aš bala[curse]V/t, aš sar[curse]V/t.

[1] 𒀾 aš₂

[2] 𒀸 aš

[3] 𒐋 aš₃

[4] 𒀉𒀸 a₂-aš

PTurk. *es 1 memory, mind 2 to pity, regret (1 память, рассудок 2

жалеть, сожалеть): OTurk. es 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. es 1 (KB), esirge- 2

(MK); Az. äksi (< äs-ki) ‘clever’; Turkm. es 1; MTurk. es 1 (AH, KW);

Uzb. es 1; Uygh. äs 1; Krm. es 1; Tat. is 1; Bashk. iϑ 1; Kaz. es 1; KBalk. es

1; KKalp. es 1; Kum. es 1; Nogh. es 1; Oyr. es 1; Chuv. as 1.

PTung. *ēske- 1 to worry 2 to wait, beware 3 to praise 4 to curse (1

беспокоиться 2 ждать, быть начеку 3 славить, восхвалять 4 ругать,

бранить): Evk. ēksit- 2, eskē- 3; Evn. ēske- 3; Neg. eksit- 2; Man. esuḱe- 4;

SMan. esəxinə-, isixinə- (1468); Ul. eksen- 1, 2; Nan. ekseči- 2; Ud. ehie- ‘to

take care of’.(p. 521)

ab [WINDOW] N (119x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. ab; a-ab; ŋešab "window, window opening; roof vent; specification of a mash-tub"

See aba daŋal tag[widen out the opening]V/t.

[1] 𒀊 ab

[2] 𒀀𒀊 a-ab

[3] 𒄑𒀊 ŋeš ab

Old Turkic *kapu (window, door) *ab(u)la (gate; gate garden) ~ SM *abula (gate)

TR *kapı (door) *avlu (gate garden)

ar [PRAISE] N (179x) Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Hellenistic wr. ar₂; a-a-re; a-re; iri; a-ar₂; a-ar; a-ar₃; ar; i-ri; i-ri₂; ar-re "(hymn of) praise; fame; to celebrate, praise"

See ar ak[praise]V/t, ar sil[praise]V/t, ar ša[praise]V/t.

[1] 𒌒 ar₂

[2] 𒀀𒀀𒊑 a-a-re

[3] 𒀀𒊑 a-re

[4] 𒌷 iri

[5] 𒀀𒌒 a-ar₂

[6] 𒀀𒅈 a-ar

[7] 𒀀𒄯 a-ar₃

[8] 𒅈 ar

[9] 𒄿𒊑 i-ri

[10] 𒄿𒌷 i-ri₂

[11] 𒅈𒊑 ar-re

Old Turkic: *har (happiness, praise, celebration)

Yak. arbā- 1 (Пек. I 139 ‘to praise for magic purposes’).

PTurk. *Ar- gift (дар) (pp. 314-315)

ad [VOICE] N (212x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. ad; a; ad₈ "voice; cry; noise"

See ad gi[advise]V/t, ad ŋar[resound?]V/i, ad mar[resound?]V/i, ad ša[resound]V/i.

[1] 𒀜 ad

[2] 𒀀 a

PMong. *aji- 1 sound, voice 2 to cry, speak loudly; to recite 3 mel-

ody, tune (1 звук, голос 2 кричать, болтать 3 мелодия): WMong. ai 1

(L 19), aji-la-, aji-da- 2 (L 20: ajilad- ‘to perceive; to recite; to say’), aja 3 (L

22); Kh. ajlda- 2; Bur. ajlada- 2; Kalm. ǟ 1, ǟl-,ǟd (p. 497)

ab [COW] N (8477x) Early Dynastic I-II, Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. ab₂; ab; ab₂-ab₂; am "cow"

[1] 𒀖 ab₂

[2] 𒀊 ab

[3] 𒀖𒀖 ab₂-ab₂

[4] 𒄠 am

PTung. *abdu- 1 cattle, herd (p. 317)

aŋ [MEASURE] V/t (1383x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Ebla, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. aŋ₂; ag; ag₂-ag₂; aŋ₂-ge₂; ig "to measure"

See a aŋ[command]V/t, ki aŋ[love]V/t, lu ninda aŋ[bread measurer]N.

[1] 𒉘 aŋ₂

[2] 𒀝 ag

[3] 𒉘𒉘 ag₂-ag₂

[4] 𒉘𒆤 aŋ₂-ge₂

[5] 𒅅 ig

TR: *ağır (heavy) Dial: *ağnı-to weigh *ayar: measure, setting e.g. SM agarin (matrix)

ah [DRY] V/i (956x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. aḫ₃; e₃; aḫ₃-aḫ₃; e₂; ḫa-ḫa; ḫad-de₃ "(to be) dried (out), dry; to dry"

[1] 𒌓 aḫ₃

[2] 𒌓𒁺 e₃

[3] 𒌓𒌓 aḫ₃-aḫ₃

[4] 𒂍 e₂

[5] 𒄩𒄩 ḫa-ḫa

[6] 𒉺𒉈 ḫad-de₃

PMong. *kata- 1 hard 2 to become hard, dry up (1 твердый 2 черст-

веть, высыхать): MMong. qatau’u (HY 54), qataŋgin (SH), qata’u (MA) 1,

qətəmər ‘dried (meat)’ (IM); WMong. qata- (L 943) 2, qataɣu 1; Kh. xat- 2,

xatū 1; Bur. xatū 1; Kalm. xatū 1, xatə- 2 (КРС); Ord. Gatū 1; Mog. xata 1

(Weiers); Dag. katən (Тод. Даг. 148: katō, katū, 174: xata-); katen, katū

(MD 182) 1; Dong. qɨdun, qɨtun 1; Bao. χotoŋ 1; S.-Yugh. Gadū 1; Mongr.

xadoŋ (SM 147) 1, xadā- (SM 146) (p. 785)

AB [A WOODEN OBJECT OR STRUCTURE] N (2x) Early Dynastic IIIb wr. ŋešAB "a wooden object or structure"

[1] 𒄑𒀊 ŋeš AB

TR: *kab (wooden plate)

al [HOE] N (2089x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, unknown wr. al; ŋešal; urudal "hoe, pickax; hoeing"

See al ak[hoe]V/t, al du[hoe]V/t, al dug[desire]V/t, al tag[unmng]V/t.

[1] 𒀠 al

[2] 𒄑𒀠 ŋeš al

[3] 𒍏𒀠 urud al

TR: bel; balta ~ SM *bal also

62 instances

aga [AX] N (62x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian wr. urudaga; aga; aga₃; ŋešaga; ŋešaga₃; a-gagaaga₃; gaaga₃ "an ax"

See aga kar[defeat]V/t.

[1] 𒍏𒂇 urud aga

[2] 𒂇 aga

[3] 𒂆 aga₃

[4] 𒄑𒂇 ŋeš aga

[5] 𒄑𒂆 ŋeš aga₃

[6] 𒀀𒂵𒂵𒂆 a-gagaaga₃

[7] 𒂵𒂆 ga aga₃

a­gV sharp, whet: Tung. *āga-; Mong. *(h)ag.

PTung. *āga- 1 arrow point, notch 2 whetstone (1 острие, зазубри-

на (у стрелы) 2 оселок, точильный камень): Evk. āɣen 2; Evn. āɣъn 2;

Neg. aɣat 1, aɣan 2; Man. atan 1; Nan. aŋã 2; Orch. āta 1, awa 2.

◊ ТМС 1, 12, 13. TM > Yak. aɣān.

PMong. *(h)ag 1 part of blade (close to handle) 2 notch on fish-fork

(1 часть острия (ближе к рукоятке) 2 зазубрина остроги): WMong.

aɣ, (L 19: aɣǯam ‘blunt wooden arrow tip’

TR: eğe (whet)

aš [FLOUR] N (2x) Old Babylonian wr. aš "bread; a flour"

[1] 𒀸 aš

TR: *aş (boiled wheat) ~ SM *še (barley, grain)

122 instances

aga [REAR] N (122x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, Uncertain, unknown wr. a-ga; aga₃; a-ga-ga; aga; ŋeša-ga "rear; a building or a part of a building; on its own accord, on one's own; back"

See aga gi[inferior]V/i. TR *ayakçı

[1] 𒀀𒂵 a-ga

[2] 𒂆 aga₃

[3] 𒀀𒂵𒂵 a-ga-ga

[4] 𒂇 aga

[5] 𒄑𒀀𒂵 ŋeša-ga

TR *arka (back) *ayar (accord) *ayak (foot; to stand up)

aŋi [WAVE] N (130x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. a-ŋi₆; a-ga; a-ŋi₆-a-ŋi₆; aga-a; a-gi₆-a "wave, flood"

[1] 𒀀𒈪 a-ŋi₆

[2] 𒀀𒂵 a-ga

[3] 𒀀𒈪𒀀𒈪 a-ŋi₆-a-ŋi₆

[4] 𒂇𒀀 aga-a

[5] 𒀀𒈪𒀀 a-gi₆-a

­agà rain; air: Tung. *aga; Mong. *agaɣar; Jpn. *àkî; Kor. *ak-su.

PTung. *aga rain (дождь): Man. aGa; SMan. ahā (2015); Jurch. ah-ga

TR: yağ- (to rain, to flood)

aga [TIARA] N (156x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Persian, unknown wr. aga; aga₃; tug₂aga₃; a-ga; agazabar; a-gaaga "tiara, crown"

[1] 𒂇 aga

[2] 𒂆 aga₃

[3] 𒌆𒂆 tug₂ aga₃ (TR *duvak: veil)

[4] 𒀀𒂵 a-ga

[5] 𒂇𒌓𒅗𒁇 aga zabar

[6] 𒀀𒂵𒂇 a-gaaga

­ăjV good, fitting: Tung. *aja, *aju-; Mong. *(h)aja; Turk. *ăja-.

PTung. *aja, *aju- 1 good 2 handsome, beautiful 3 to save, help (1

хороший 2 красивый 3 спасать, помогать): Evk. aja 1, aj(ū)- 3; Evn. aj

1, aj(ị)- 3; Neg. aja 1; Man. aj-luŋGa 2, aj-sila- 3; Jurch. aju-bulu (419) 3;

Ul. aja 1; Ork. aja 1, ajụ- 3; Nan. ai, ajā 1; Orch. aja 1, ai-či- 3; Ud. aja 1,

ai-sigi- 3; Sol. ai, aja 1.

◊ ТМС 1, 18-20. Man. > Dag. ajšilā- ‘help’ (Тод. Даг. 119).

PMong. *(h)aja favourable circumstances (благоприятные обстоя-

тельства): WMong. aja (L 22), aji; Kh. aja; Bur. aj-dar, aja; Kalm. ajə; Ord.

aja.

◊ KW 4.

PTurk. *ăja- 1 to esteem 2 to pity, look after 3 very (1 почитать 2 бе-

речь, жалеть 3 очень, сильно): OTurk. aja- 1, ajɨ 3 (OUygh.); Karakh.

aja- (MK) 1, 2, ajɨ 3 (KB); Tur. aj- 2, aja- dial. 1; Az. ajin ‘cult, ceremony’;

Turkm. aja- 2; MTurk. aja- 1 (Ettuhf.); Uzb. aja- 2; Uygh. aji- 2; Krm. aja-

2; Tat. aja- 2; Bashk. aja- 2; Kirgh. aja- 2; Kaz. aja- 2; KBalk. aja- 2; KKalp.

aja- 2; Kum. aja- 2; Nogh. aja- 2; Khak. aja- 2, aj 3; Shr. aja- 2 (in ajabān

‘remorseless’); Tv. aj ‘well’; Chuv. oja- ‘to care’.

ala [DEMON] N (65x) Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, Uncertain wr. a-la₂; a-la "a demon"

[1] 𒀀𒇲 a-la₂

[2] 𒀀𒆷 a-la also SM: alad (spirit)

­āli to deceive, trick: Tung. *ali-, *alak-; Mong. *aliɣa; Turk. *Āl

PTung. *ali-, *alak- 1 to be angry 2 to endure 3 to regret 4 to envy (1

сердиться 2 терпеть 3 сожалеть, каяться 4 завидовать): Evk. ali- 1;

Evn. alêl- 1; Neg. alị- 1, alaxị- 4; Man. aĺa- 3; Ul. alị- 2; Nan. alị- 2, alaqị 4;

Orch. ali- 2; Sol. aĺ-, alī- 1.

◊ ТМС 1, 29, 32.

PMong. *aliɣa 1 frolic, tricksy 2 to deceive (1 игривый, шаловли-

вый 2 обманывать): MMong. alija (SH, Козин) 1; WMong. alija 1 (L 32),

alašira- 2 (Ko 74); Kh. alia 1; Bur. aĺā 1; Kalm. aĺā, äĺǟn 1; Ord. aĺā; Dag. əlē

1.

◊ KW 6, 22. Cf. also albin ‘devil, evil spirit’ ( > Yak., Dolg. albɨn ‘deception, liar’ (Kał.

MEJ 56, Stachowski 31).

PTurk. *Āl 1 device, trick, deceit 2 to deceive (1 обман, хитрость 2

обманывать): OTurk. al 1 (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.), al-ta- 2 (OUygh.);

Karakh. āl 1 (MK, KB), alda- (MK); Tur. al 1, aldat- 2; Az. al 1 (dial.),

al-da-n- ‘to be deceived, to err’; Turkm. āl 1, ālda- 2; MTurk. al 1, alda- 2;

Uzb. alda- 2; Uygh. aldi- 2; Tat. alda- 2; Bashk. alda- 2; Kirgh. alda- 2; Kaz.

alda- 2; KBalk. alda- 2; KKalp. alda- 2; Kum. al 1, alda- 2; Nogh. alda- 2;

Khak. alda- 2; Shr. alda- 2.

◊ EDT 120-121, TMN 2, 93, ЭСТЯ 1, 126-127. A discussion of albastɨ ( = Mong. albin) DEMON

ala [SILT] N (12x) Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian wr. a-la₂; a₂-la₂; a-lal₂; e-la₂ "silt"

[1] 𒀀𒇲 a-la₂

[2] 𒀉𒇲 a₂-la₂

[3] 𒀀𒇳 a-lal₂

[4] 𒂊𒇲 e-la₂

PTurk. *bạl- mud, clay (грязь, глина): Karakh. balčɨq (MK,IM),

bal(ɨ)q (MK); Tur. balčɨk; Az. palčɨG; Turkm. palčɨq; Sal. palčɨx (ССЯ 435 и

др.); Khal. palčoq ( < Az.); MTurk. balčɨq (Pav. C.), palčɨq (Sangl.); Uzb.

balčiq; Uygh. balčuq; Krm. balčɨq; Tat. balčɨq; Bashk. balsɨq; Kaz. balšɨq,

balqaš; Kum. balčɨq; Nogh. balšɨq; Khak. palčax (Sag.); Oyr. bal-qaš; Tv.

balɣaš, malɣaš; Tof. ba’lxaš; Chuv. pɨlǯъk; Yak. bɨlk ‘sand, silt, brought by

water’ (Пек.).

aka [FLEECE] N (20x) Old Akkadian, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, unknown wr. aka₃; akaₓ(SAG); sikiaka₃; a-kaaka₃; aaka₃ "fleece"

[1] 𒋃 aka₃

[2] 𒊕 akaₓ(SAG)

[3] 𒋠𒋃 siki aka₃

[4] 𒀀𒅗𒋃 a-kaaka₃

[5] 𒀀𒋃 a aka₃

◊ ТМС 1, 67. Cf. also Dolg. ( < Evk.?) baka ‘scraper to separate flesh from skin’, bakalā-‘to separate flesh from skin’ (Stachowski 51)

ala [EXUBERANCE] N (19x) Old Babylonian wr. a-la; a-le "exuberance"

[1] 𒀀𒆷 a-la

[2] 𒀀𒇷 a-le

TR: alay etmek (to joke with someone) eğlen- (to have fun, or joy) düğün alayı (wedding convoy in exuberance) halay (joyful circle dance).

ari [DISEASE] N (4x) Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian, Hellenistic wr. ari₂; a-ri; a-riri₆; a-ri₆; uru₄ "a disease"

[1] 𒅂 ari₂

[2] 𒀀𒊑 a-ri

[3] 𒀀𒊑𒁺 a-riri₆

[4] 𒀀𒁺 a-ri₆

[5] 𒀳 uru₄

PTurk. *KEŕi- fever, contagious disease (лихорадка, заразная бо-

лезнь): OTurk. kezik (OUygh.); Karakh. kezig (KB, MK); Tur. gezik ‘a

rodent ulcer’ (EDT), kezek ‘gangrene’; MTurk. kezek ‘a rodent ulcer’

(Abush.), Kypch. keziv ‘pestilence’ (CCum.); Uygh. kezik ‘typhus’;

Bashk. kiδew ‘pestilence’; Kirgh. kezik ‘long uncurable disease’; Kaz.

kezik ‘fever’; KKalp. gezik ‘a cold in the head’; Khak. kizəm; Oyr. kezim,

kezü.

(p. 557) TR *ağrı: ache

a ri [IMPREGNATE] V/t (21x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic wr. a RI; a ru; a ra; a ri-ri "to impregnate"

(a[water//water]N'N + ri[impose//to lay down, cast, place]V/t'V/t)

[1] 𒀀𒊑 a RI

[2] 𒀀𒊒 a ru

[3] 𒀀𒊏 a ra

[4] 𒀀𒊑𒊑 a ri-ri

Sal. aɣɨr (< bojɨ agɨr) ‘pregnant’ (p. 365)

41 instances

aŋal [STRONG] AJ (41x) Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, unknown wr. a₂-ŋal₂; a-am-ga "strong; strength"

[1] 𒀉𒅅 a₂-ŋal₂

[2] 𒀀𒄠𒂵 a-am-ga

PTung. *maŋga strong, hard (сильный, крепкий, твердый): Evk.

maŋa; Evn. maŋ; Neg. maŋga; Man. maŋGa, meŋge; Jurch. maŋ-ga (702);

Ul. maŋGa; Ork. maŋGa; Nan. maŋGa; Orch. maŋga, maŋasi; Ud. maŋga,

maŋahi; Sol. mand, mandī ‘very, heavily

(p. 903)

abum [FUNERARY MOUND] N (42x) Ur III, Old Babylonian wr. a-bu-um "mound for funerary use; a festival"

[1] 𒀀𒁍𒌝 a-bu-um

PTurk. *jẹbe- 1 cemetery, grave 2 soul of the deceased 3 ghost 4 fu-

neral (1 кладбище, могила 2 душа умершего 3 дух, привидение 4

похороны): SUygh. ever 2; Khak. nebeg 1, ibərəg 4; Tv. čeveg 1; Chuv.

śъₙva 1; Yak. sibien 3. (p. 1029)

PTurk. *Kāp- 1 to swell, form blisters 2 thick, swollen 3 hill, mound

(1 распухать, нарывать 2 толстый, распухший 3 холм, возвышение):

Karakh. qapar- 1, qapa (MK) 3; Tur. kabar- 1, kaba 2; Az. Gabar- 1, Gaba 2;

Turkm. Gābar- 1, Gāba 2; MTurk. (OKypch.) qabar- (AH) 1, qaba (Houts.,

AH) 2; Uygh. qapa(r)- 1, dial. qova 2; Tat. qabar- 1, qaba 2; Bashk. qabar- 1,

qabaq 3; Kirgh. qabar- 1, qabaq 3; Kaz. qabar- 1, qaba 2; KKalp. qabar- 1,

qapa 2; Kum. qabar- 1, qaba 2; Nogh. qabar- 1; Tv. xavar-, xapɨj- 1; Chuv.

xъₙba-lan- 1; Yak. xaba-lan- 1. (p. 556)

77 instances

aʾan [SPADIX] N (77x) Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian wr. a₂-an; ŋešan-na; an; ŋešan; ŋeša₂-an; ŋeša₂; gia₂-an "date spadix; string, cluster (of dates); a basket"

[1] 𒀉𒀭 a₂-an

[2] 𒄑𒀭𒈾 ŋešan-na

[3] 𒀭 an

[4] 𒄑𒀭 ŋeš an

[5] 𒄑𒀉𒀭 ŋeša₂-an

[6] 𒄑𒀉 ŋeš a₂

[7] 𒄀𒀉𒀭 gia₂-an

PTung. *aŋ(g)a net (for catching fish under ice) (сеть (для подлед-

ного лова рыбы)): Neg. aŋa; Ul. aŋGa; Ork. aŋGa; Nan. aŋga; Orch. aŋga.

◊ ТМС 1, 45.

PMong. *aɣoga leading string in net (ведущая веревка в сети):

MMong. a’oga (SH).

PTurk. *āg net (сеть): Karakh. aɣ (KB, IM); Tur. aɣ; aɣ, av (Osmanli);

Az. aɣ; Turkm. āq (dial.); MTurk. aɣ (Sangl.); Uzb. āɣ (dial.); Krm. av, uv;

Tat. aw; Bashk. aw; Kirgh. ū; Kaz. aw; KBalk. aw; KKalp. aw; Kum. aw;

Nogh. aw; Khak. aɣ (Sag.); Shr. aɣ; Oyr. aɣ (dial.). (p. 275)

ab [SEA] N (188x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian wr. ab; a-ab "sea"

[1] 𒀊 ab

[2] 𒀀𒀊 a-ab

­Tung. *āmu-; Mong. *ama

PTung. *āmu- 1 lake 2 river (1 озеро 2 река): Evk. āmut 1; Evn.

amar, āmār 2; Neg. amụt 1; Man. omo 1; SMan. omə 1 (2082); Jurch. omo

(45) 1; Nan. amoã 1; Orch. amu 1; Ud. amuli ‘name of a river’ (Корм.

207); Sol. amụǯi 1, amur 2.

agam [POND] N (76x) Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic wr. a-ga-am; a-ga-am₃; a-ga-mu-um; agam; a-gam "an artificial pond for disposing of flood waters"

[1] 𒀀𒂵𒄠 a-ga-am

[2] 𒀀𒂵𒀀𒀭 a-ga-am₃

[3] 𒀀𒂵𒈬𒌝 a-ga-mu-um

[4] 𒀂 agam

[5] 𒀀𒃵 a-gam

PTurk. *čāj 1 small river 2 sand, pebbles 3 flood, freshet 4 shallow (1

речка 2 песок, галька 3 половодье, наводнение 4 мелководный): Tur.

čaj 1; Az. čaj 1; Turkm. čāj 1, čǟge 2; MTurk. čaj 1, čeke Chuv. sujъr čulə (Anatri) ‘pebble, rub- ble’; Yak. ajān ‘старица’.

abur [STRAP] N (38x) Early Dynastic IIIb wr. ab₂-ur₂ "lower strap"

[1] 𒀖𒌫 ab₂-ur₂

TR: kemer

PTung. *kamur- together, gather (вместе, собирать): Ul. qamụr;

Ork. qamụr; Nan. qamor.

PTung. *emu-l 1 quiver ornated with horse’s hair 2 hoop of sha-

man’s drum 3 belt 4 horse or deer pack 5 pack strap (1 колчан, расши-

тый конским волосом 2 обруч шаманского бубна 3 пояс 4 вьючная

сумка (часть ниже завязок) 5 вдержка на сумке-торсуке): Evk. ōmu 1,

umul 3, ōmi 5, emin 4, emi-lge 4; Neg. ūm 2; Ul. omali 3; Ork. ụmụl 3; Nan.

omol 3; Orch. umu 3, omoɣo 3; Ud. umu 3; Sol. omul 3.

◊ ТМС 2, 18, 266, 269.

PMong. *emeɣel saddle (седло): MMong. eme’el (SH), ämäl (IM),

iml (MA), imēl (LH), jemējil (Lig.VMI); WMong. emegel (L 312); Kh.

emēl; Bur. emēl; Kalm. eml; Ord. emēl; Mog. emōl, jamāl; ZM jämäl

(22-8a); Dag. emēl (Тод. Даг. 139), emele (MD 143);

125 instances

abgal [SAGE] N (125x) Early Dynastic I-II, Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Ebla, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic wr. abgal; abgal₂; ab₂-gal; abgalₓ(NUN.ME.KA×ME); abgalab-gal; lu₂abgal "sage; priest; a profession"

[1] 𒉣𒈨 abgal

[2] 𒉣𒈨𒅤 abgal₂

[3] 𒀖𒃲 ab₂-gal

[4] 𒉣𒈨𒅴𒉣𒈨𒅴 abgalₓ(NUN.ME.KA×ME)

[5] 𒉣𒈨𒀊𒃲 abgalab-gal

[6] 𒇽𒉣𒈨 lu₂ abgal

TR: *abdal

[1] 𒀀𒁄 a-bala

[2] 𒇽𒀀𒁄 lu₂a-bala

[3] 𒂁𒀀𒁄 duga-bala

[4] 𒇽𒀀𒀊𒇲 lu₂a-ab-la₂

[5] 𒇽𒀊𒇲 lu₂ab-la₂

abala [WATER DRAWER] N (125x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash

PTung. *(x)ōb- 1 to get covered by foam 2 foam (on water) 3 to

wash, wash off (1 покрываться пеной 2 пена (на воде) 3 мыть, смы-

вать): Evk. ōvda- 1; Man. obo- 3, oboŋgi 2; SMan. ovə-, ovu- (1691) 3.

◊ ТМС 2, 4.

PMong. *ibil- to flow (of milk from the udder at the time of suck-

ing) (течь (о молоке из вымени при сосании)): WMong. ibil-, ibel- (L

397), ibile-; ibel- ‘couler sans discontinuer (mince filet d’eau)’; Kh. ivle-;

Bur. ebel- ‘давать молоко, доиться ( о корове посл

apin [PLOW] N (1190x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur I

absin [FURROW] N (700x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Hellenistic wr. absin₃; ab-sin₂; ab-su₁₃-na; ababsin₃; ab-si; ab-si-im; ab-sisin₂; absin; ababsin₃sin₂ "furrow"

[1] 𒀳 absin₃

[2] 𒀊𒉆 ab-sin₂

[3] 𒀊𒁍𒈾 ab-su₁₃-na

[4] 𒀊𒀳 ab absin₃

[5] 𒀊𒋛 ab-si mi

[6] 𒀊𒋛𒅎 ab-si-im

[7] 𒀊𒋛𒉆 ab-sisin₂

[8] 𒆠𒀸𒀸 absin

[9] 𒀊𒀳𒉆 ab absin₃ sin₂

PTurk. *Apɨl hoe (мотыга): Kirgh. abɨl-qasɨm ‘one of the pegs in a

plough’; Shr. abɨl; Oyr. abɨl,

Kum. hɨzan 2; Nogh. ɨz 1, ɨzan 2; SUygh. is 1; Khak. ĭs 1; Oyr. is 1; Tv.

is 1; Chuv. jər 1, jъran

abri [MATERIAL] N (1x) Lagash II wr. ab₂-ri "a raw material"

[1] 𒀖𒊑 ab₂-ri

PT *Kạbɨ-ŕ ‘husk, shell’ (p. 204)

ablil [~MILLSTONE] (N)

material for millstones

𒀊𒆤 ab-lil₂

PTurk. *ob- to crush, mince, grind (давить, крошить, молоть, из-

мельчать): Karakh. uv- (ov-) (MK, KB); Tur. ov-, oɣ-; Gag. ū-; Az. ov-;

Turkm. ov-; Khal. huv- ‘rub’; Uygh. uva-; Krm. uw-; Tat. u(w)-; Bashk.

ɨw-; KBalk. uw-; Kum. uw-; SUygh. uɣ-; Khak. uɣ-; Tv. ū-; Chuv. ъₙv-

‘grind’; Yak. ub-ax.

TR: *yel (wind, air) ~ SM. *lil

ablal [NEST] (N)

nest; nook; cranny, opening

Orthography

𒀊𒋭

ab-lal₃

𒀊𒇲

ab-lal

𒆼

ablal

𒀊𒆷𒀠

ab-la-al

PTurk. *bāla, *bāl-dɨŕ, *bāla-pan 1 young animal, nestling

abba [WITNESS] N (8x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Ur III, Neo-Assyrian wr. ab-ba; abba₂ "witness"

[1] 𒀊𒁀 ab-ba

[2] 𒀋 abba₂

PTurk. *(j)ēp- 1 be on one’s way 2 send (1 быть в пути 2 посылать):

Turkm. īber- 2; Uzb. ibɛr-, jubɔr- 2; Uygh. ebɛr- 2; Krm. jeber-; Tat. žibɛr-

2; Bashk. jebɛr- 2; Kirgh. ǯiber- 2; Kaz. žiber- 2; KKalp. žiber-; Nogh. jiber-

2; Chuv. jabal

abrig [FUNCTIONARY] N (21x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Ur III, Old Babylonian wr. abrig₂(AB₂.NUN.ME.DU); abrig; ab₂-rig₅; ab₂-ri₂-ig; abrig₂(NUN.ME.AB₂.DU); ab₂-ri-ig "a cultic functionary"

[1] 𒀖𒉣𒈨𒁺𒀖𒉣𒈨𒁺 abrig₂(AB₂.NUN.ME.DU)

[2] 𒉣𒈨𒁺 abrig

[3] 𒀖𒊑 ab₂-rig₅

[4] 𒀖𒌷𒅅 ab₂-ri₂-ig

[5] 𒉣𒈨𒀖𒁺𒉣𒈨𒀖𒁺 abrig₂(NUN.ME.AB₂.DU)

[6] 𒀖𒊑𒅅 ab₂-ri-ig

PA *api ‘to enjoy, rest’ (PTM *ā(b)- ‘to sleep’): PT *(i)abɨ-n- ‘to enjoy one-

self’, PTM *ābun- ‘to entertain’

PTurk. *ăm- 1 gentle, quiet 2 to love, desire, rejoice 3 politeness 4

beloved 5 to be quiet (1 тихий, спокойный 2 любить, радоваться 3

вежливость 4 милый, любимый 5 быть спокойным): OTurk. amul,

amɨl 1, amraq 4, amɨr-, amran- 2, amrɨl- 5 (OUygh.); Karakh. amul 1, amraq

4, amɨrt- ‘to calm’, amrɨl- 5 (MK, KB); Tur. ɨmɨl, umul 1 (dial.); Khal. havul

‘good’ (?); MTurk. ɨmraɣ 4; Uygh. amraq 4; Kirgh. amɨz ‘honour’; KBalk.

amɨr ‘desire’; Kum. amraq ‘disposition, aptitude’; SUygh. amɨr 1, amɨra-

5; Khak. amɨr 1, amɨra- 5; Oyr. amɨr 1, amɨra- 5; Tv. amɨr 1, amɨra- 2,

amɨraq 3; Chuv. ъₙmъₙr ‘quiet and grey (weather)’; Yak. amarax, amɨrax

‘compassionate’; Dolg. amarak ‘compassionate’

abtir [GORE] N (23x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian wr. ab₂-tir; ab₂-sul; ab-tir; u₂ab₂-tir; ab-te-ri; ab₂-tir-tir; uzuab-sul; u₂ab-tir; u₂ab₂-tar "gore; a kind of grass"

[1] 𒀖𒌁 ab₂-tir

[2] 𒀖𒂄 ab₂-sul

[3] 𒀊𒌁 ab-tir

[4] 𒌑𒀖𒌁 u₂ab₂-tir

[5] 𒀊𒋼𒊑 ab-te-ri

[6] 𒀖𒌁𒌁 ab₂-tir-tir

[7] 𒍜𒀊𒂄 uzuab-sul

[8] 𒌑𒀊𒌁 u₂ab-tir

[9] 𒌑𒀖𒋻 u₂ab₂-tar

PTung. *pāt(i)- 1 to strike, hit 2 clapper, beetle 3 to hew off (1 бить,

abrum [STORAGE] (N)

a storage facility

𒀖𒊒𒌝

ab₂-ru-um

𒀊𒆕

ab-ru₂

PMong. *gömür- storage, depository, buttery (хранилище, склад,

кладовая): MMong. gumerge (HY 20); WMong. gömürge (БАМРС); Kh.

gömrög

abara [ADOPTEE] N (0x) wr. a-bar; a-bar-ra "adoptee"

[1] 𒀀𒁇 a-bar

[2] 𒀀𒁇𒊏 a-bar-ra

PTurk. *jub-ga/*jab-gu bastard, adopted son (внебрачный, приемный

сын): Karakh. juvɣa

Turkic has a vowel metathesis:

*jub-ga < *jab-gu.

anbar [MID-DAY] N (60x) Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian wr. an-bar₇; an-ba-ra; ab-ra-a; an-bar "mid-day"

[1] 𒀭𒉈 an-bar₇

[2] 𒀭𒁀𒊏 an-ba-ra

[3] 𒀊𒊏𒀀 ab-ra-a

[4] 𒀭𒁇 an-bar

+ --ra=r.a (6x/10%).

­nāǯV summer, midday: Mong. *naǯir; Turk. *jāj; Kor. *náč.

PMong. *naǯir summer (лето): WMong. naǯir (БАМРС); Kh. naǯir

(БАМРС); Bur. nažar;

aše [NOW] N (37x) Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Hellenistic wr. a₂-še; a₂-še₃; a₂-eš; a-ša₄; e-bi-še₃; a-še₃ "now"

[1] 𒀉𒊺 a₂-še

[2] 𒀉𒂠 a₂-še₃

[3] 𒀉𒌍 a₂-eš

[4] 𒀀𒁺 a-ša₄

[5] 𒂊𒁉𒂠 e-bi-še₃

[6] 𒀀𒂠 a-še

PMong. *(h)am- 1 sudden, quick 2 to be on time (1 внезапный, бы-

стрый 2 быть вовремя): WMong. ama-ɣai 1, am-ǯi- 2 (L 41); Kh. amǯi- 2;

Bur. amža- 2, amžalta 3; Kalm. amɣǟ 1,; Ord. amǯi

PTurk. *(i)am- 1 now 2 recent (1 сейчас 2 недавний): OTurk. am-tɨ 1

(Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. am-dɨ 1 (MK, KB); SUygh. am-ɣo, am-dö-ko 2

(ЯЖУ 15); Khak. am 1, am-dɨ-ɣɨ, am-ɣɨ 2; Shr. am, amdɨ 1, amdɨɣɨ 2, am-oq

‘at once’; Tv. am 1, amɣɨ 2, amd (< amdɨɣɨ) ‘the same’; Tof. am, amdɨ ,

amɣ 2; Yak. anɨ ( < *am-dɨ) 1; Dolg. anɨ

ada [CONTEST?] N (18x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Old Babylonian wr. a-da "contest, fight?; riddle?"

[1] 𒀀𒁕 a-da

TR: *atak (attack, fight)

PTurk. *Ada 1 danger 2 to endanger (1 опасность 2 подвергать

опасности): OTurk. ada (tuda) 1, adart- 2 (Orkh., OUygh.); Shr. aza

‘name of an evil spirit’ (Верб.); Tv. adam ‘dashing, extraordinary’; Yak.

ataɣastā- ‘to insult’.

atua [LUSTRATION] N (240x) Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, unknown wr. a-tu₅-a; a-tu₅; tu₅-a; tu₅ "lustration rite"

[1] 𒀀𒋗𒉀𒀀 a-tu₅-a

[2] 𒀀𒋗𒉀 a-tu₅

[3] 𒋗𒉀𒀀 tu₅-a

[4] 𒋗𒉀 tu₅

PMong. *id- female shaman (шаманка): MMong. jituxan (HY 31),

jətxan ‘волхв’ (IM), utugun / hotkun (LH); WMong. iduɣan, uduɣan (L

861); Kh. udug; Bur. udagan; Kalm. udəɣən (КРС); Ord. udaGan ‘ac-

coucheusse, accoucheur’; Dag. jadagan (Тод. Даг. 146), jadegen ‘shaman

(in direct contact with spirits)’ (MD 168).

PTurk. *ɨduk sacred (священный): OTurk. ɨduq (Orkh., OUygh.);

Karakh. ɨδuq (MK); Kirgh. ɨjɨq; KBalk. ɨjɨq; Khak. ɨzɨx; Oyr. ɨjɨq, ijik; Tv.

ɨdɨq; Chuv. jərəx; Yak. ɨtɨq.

asag [DEMON] N (105x) Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, Uncertain, unknown wr. a₂-sag₃; a-sag₃-ga; a-sa; a₂-si-ga; a-sag₉-ga-a; a₂-sag₉ "a demon; a disease"

[1] 𒀉𒉺 a₂-sag₃

[2] 𒀀𒉺𒂵 a-sag₃-ga

[3] 𒀀𒊓 a-sa

[4] 𒀉𒋛𒂵 a₂-si-ga

[5] 𒀀𒊷𒂵𒀀 a-sag₉-ga-a

[6] 𒀉𒊷 a₂-sag₉

PTurk. *agsa- 1 to hobble, limp 2 lame 3.disable 4. to be hindered or delayed (1 хромать 2 хромой):

Karakh. axsa- (MK) 1, aqsaq, aɣsaɣ (MK) 2; Tur. aksa- 1; Az. axsa- 1;

Turkm. aGsa- 1; Uzb. ɔqsa- 1; Tat. aqsa- 1; Bashk. aqha- 1; Kirgh. aqsa- 1;

Kaz. aqsa- 1; KBalk. axsa-, asxa- 1; KKalp. aqsa- 1; Kum. aqsa- 1; Nogh.

aqsa- 1; SUygh. axsa- 1; Khak. axsa- 1; Tv. asqa- 1; Yak. axsɨm 2.

anta [UPPER] AJ (116x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, Uncertain wr. an-ta; im-ta; ŋešan-ta; ŋešan-tag "upper; upper side, upper part; language above, source language"

See anta gi[approach]V/t ~ gianta ~ TR yanaş PTurk. *jaĺ- to close, hide (закрывать(ся), прятать(ся)): OTurk. jaš-

(OUygh.); Karakh. jaš- (MK); Az. jaš- (dial.); Turkm. jaš-; MTurk. jaš-

(AH); SUygh. jas-; Yak. sas-.

◊ VEWT 192, ЭСТЯ 4, 160-161. Very widely spread are also the derivatives *jaĺɨn-,

*jaĺɨr-, see ibid.

PJpn. *dàsìr shrine, enclosure for worship of deities (храм): OJpn.

jasiro; MJpn. jàsìrò; Tok. yáshiro; Kyo. yáshìrò; Kag. yashiró

[1] 𒀭𒋫 an-ta

[2] 𒅎𒋫 im-ta

[3] 𒄑𒀭𒋫 ŋešan-ta

[4] 𒄑𒀭𒋳 ŋešan-tag

PTurk. *Ānt oath (клятва): OTurk. ant (OUygh.); Karakh. and (MK);

Tur. ant (andɨ); Az. and; Turkm. ant; Khal. a:nd; MTurk. ant; Uzb. ɔnt;

Uygh. ant; Krm. ant; Tat. ant; Bashk. ant; Kirgh. ant; Kaz. ant; KBalk. ant;

KKalp. ant; Kum. ant; Nogh. ant; Oyr. ant-ɨq- ‘to take an oath’.

­ṓni high: Mong. *öndü-; Turk. *ȫn-; Jpn. *untu; Kor. *un-tu.

PMong. *öndü- 1 high 2 to rise (1 высокий 2 подниматься):

MMong. undur (HY 52, SH) undus ‘to stay vertically’ (HY 53), undur

(MA); WMong. öndür 1 (L 637), öndeji- 2 (L 636: öndüji-, öndeji-); Kh.

öndör 1, öndij- 2; Bur. ünder 1, ündɨ- 2; Kalm. öndr 1, öndē- 2; Ord. ündür

1, öndī-; Dag. xundur 1 (Тод. Даг. 179), undī- 2 (Тод. Даг. 171), hundere 1

(MD 166); Dong. undu 1; Bao. onder, under 1; S.-Yugh. uŋdur, oŋdur 1,

oŋdö- 2; Mongr. ndur, undur (SM 264, 472) 1.

◊ KW 296, MGCD 545, TMN 1, 178-179. Initial x- in Dagur is quite enigmatic. Cf. also

önör ‘numerous, populous’ (Poppe 69; L 639: önür). Also ondui-, onduɣar (KW 286, L 613);

öŋgei-, öŋgüi- ‘to overhang, jut or project over’ (L 637) ( > Man. eŋgele- id., see Rozycki

70?). Mong. > Man. enduri ‘God’ etc., see Doerfer MT 81.

PTurk. *ȫn- to grow, rise (расти, подниматься): OTurk. ön- (ün-)

(OUygh.); Karakh. ön- (ün-) (MK); Turkm. ȫn-; Khal. hin-; MTurk. ön-

(Pav. C.); Uzb. un-; Uygh. ün-; Kirgh. ön-; Kaz. ön-; KKalp. ön-; SUygh.

ün-; Tv. ün-; Chuv. əₙn-; Yak. ǖn-; Dolg. ǖn-.

◊ EDT 169, VEWT 372, ЭСТЯ 1, 530-532, Мудрак Дисс. 77, 137, Егоров 40-41, Clark

1977, 161, Stachowski 255.

PJpn. *untu high and respected, precious (высокий, уважаемый,

драгоценный): OJpn. udu.

◊ JLTT 566.

PKor. *un-tu height (of the side of shoes or bowls) (высота): Mod.

undu.

◊ KEDu

ašte [CHAIR] N (36x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian wr. aš-te; ŋešiš-de₃; ŋešaš-te; ŋešašte₂; aš-ti; al-te; iš-de₃; ŋešal-te; eš-de; muaš-te "chair, throne; seat, dwelling; shrine, chapel; a unit of area"

[1] 𒀸𒋼 aš-te

[2] 𒄑𒅖𒉈 ŋešiš-de₃

[3] 𒄑𒀸𒋼 ŋešaš-te

[4] 𒄑𒆹 ŋeš ašte₂

[5] 𒀸𒋾 aš-ti

[6] 𒀠𒋼 al-te

[7] 𒅖𒉈 iš-de₃

[8] 𒄑𒀠𒋼 ŋešal-te

[9] 𒌍𒁲 eš-de

[10] 𒈬𒀸𒋼 muaš-te

PTurk. *jaĺ- to close, hide (закрывать(ся), прятать(ся)): OTurk. jaš-

(OUygh.); Karakh. jaš- (MK); Az. jaš- (dial.); Turkm. jaš-; MTurk. jaš-

(AH); SUygh. jas-; Yak. sas-.

◊ VEWT 192, ЭСТЯ 4, 160-161. Very widely spread are also the derivatives *jaĺɨn-,

*jaĺɨr-, see ibid.

PJpn. *dàsìr shrine, enclosure for worship of deities (храм): OJpn.

jasiro; MJpn. jàsìrò; Tok. yáshiro; Kyo. yáshìrò; Kag. yashiró

ara [GRIND] V/t (382x) Early Dynastic I-II, Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Persian wr. ar₃-ra; ara₃; ara₃-ara₃; ara₃a-ra-ara₃; ar₃-ar₃-ar₃-ar₃ "to grind"

[1] 𒄯𒊏 ar₃-ra

[2] 𒄯 ara₃

[3] 𒄯𒄯 ara₃-ara₃

[4] 𒄯𒀀𒊏𒄯 ara₃a-ra-ara₃

[5] 𒄯𒄯𒄯𒄯 ar₃-ar₃-ar₃-ar

­k῾aŕa ( ~ -u, -i) to scrape, grind, bite: Tung. *xar-kü-; Mong. *karu-; Turk.

*Kaŕ-; Kor. *kār-.

TR: *ez (to grind) *darı (grain)

adda [CORPSE] N (1351x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Ebla, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Persian, unknown wr. adda; adda₂; ad₇(LU₂s); adda(LU₂.BAD); addaₓ(LU₂s×BAD); addaₓ(BAD.LU₂); a-ta; addaₓ(LAGAB×U); adₓ(LU₂s×TIL); addaₓ(GUD×BAD); addaₓ(LU₂.GAM); addaₓ(LU₂×BAD.BAD); ad₃-ad₃; at-ti; addaₓ(LU₂×GAM); ad₆(LU₂.LAGAB×U); uzuadda(LU₂.BAD) "corpse; wreck (of a boat)"

[1] 𒇿 adda

[2] 𒇼 adda₂

[3] 𒈕𒈕 ad₇(LU₂s)

[4] 𒇽𒁁𒇽𒁁 adda(LU₂.BAD)

[5] 𒎉𒎉𒈕 addaₓ(LU₂s×BAD)

[6] 𒁁𒇽𒁁𒇽 addaₓ(BAD.LU₂)

[7] 𒀀𒋫 a-ta

[8] 𒇥𒇥 addaₓ(LAGAB×U)

[9] 𒈕 adₓ(LU₂s×TIL)

[10] addaₓ(GUD×BAD)

[11] 𒇽𒃵𒇽𒃵 addaₓ(LU₂.GAM)

[12] 𒇿𒁁𒇿𒁁 addaₓ(LU₂×BAD.BAD)

[13] 𒇼𒇼 ad₃-ad₃

[14] 𒀜𒋾 at-ti

[15] addaₓ(LU₂×GAM)

[16] 𒇽𒇥𒇽𒇥 ad₆(LU₂.LAGAB×U)

[17] 𒍜𒇽𒁁𒇽𒁁 uzuadda(LU₂.BAD)

TR: *et (meat, flesh)

1190 instances

apin [PLOW] N (1190x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, unknown wr. apin; ŋešapin; a-pil; ŋeš  a-pi-inapin "(seed) plow"

[1] 𒀳 apin

[2] 𒄑𒀳 ŋeš apin

[3] 𒀀𒉈 a-pil

[4] 𒄑𒀀𒉿𒅔𒀳 ŋeš  a-pi-inapin

PTurk. *Apɨl hoe (мотыга): Kirgh. abɨl-qasɨm ‘one of the pegs in a

plough’; Shr. abɨl; Oyr. abɨl, dial. ōl (p. 601)

alan [IMAGE] N (686x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic, Uncertain, unknown wr. alan; urudalan; alan-na; na₄alan; alanzabar; ŋešalan; alankug-babbar; alankug-sig₁₇; a-la; a-lam; alalan; dalan "image; form; statue, figurine; deified statue"

[1] 𒀩 alan

[2] 𒍏𒀩 urud alan

[3] 𒀩𒈾 alan-na

[4] 𒎎𒀩 na₄ alan

[5] 𒀩𒌓𒅗𒁇 alan zabar

[6] 𒄑𒀩 ŋeš alan

[7] 𒀩𒆬𒌓 alankug-babbar

[8] 𒀩𒆬𒄀 alankug-sig₁₇

[9] 𒀀𒆷 a-la

[10] 𒀀𒇴 a-lam

[11] 𒀠𒀩 al alan

[12] 𒀭𒀩 d alan

PTurk. *bAlbal a stone pillar erected on a grave (p. 1084)

aški [RUSHES] N (208x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, unknown wr. ZI&ZI; A.ZI&ZI; A.ZI&ZI.A; u₂  aaški; u₂ZI&ZI.A; u₂aški; u₂A.ZI&ZI; u₂ZI&ZI; A.ZI&ZI.EŠ₂; aaški; u₂aškiaš₂; a-ak-ša; aški; ŋeš  aaški; u₂ZI&ZI.EŠ₂.ŠE; ŋešaški "rushes"

[1] 𒍤 ZI&ZI

[2] 𒀀𒍤 A.ZI&ZI

[3] 𒀀𒍤𒀀 A.ZI&ZI.A

[4] 𒌑𒀀𒍤𒆸 u₂  aaški

[5] 𒌑𒍤𒀀 u₂ ZI&ZI.A

[6] 𒌑𒍤𒆸 u₂ aški

[7] 𒌑𒀀𒍤 u₂ A.ZI&ZI

[8] 𒌑𒍤 u₂ ZI&ZI

[9] 𒀀𒍤𒂠 A.ZI&ZI.EŠ₂

[10] 𒀀𒍤𒆸 a aški

[11] 𒌑𒍤𒆸𒀾 u₂ aški aš₂

[12] 𒀀𒀝𒊭 a-ak-ša

[13] 𒍤𒆸 aški

[14] 𒄑𒀀𒍤𒆸 ŋeš  aaški

[15] 𒌑𒍤𒂠𒊺 u₂ ZI&ZI.EŠ₂.ŠE

[16] 𒄑𒍤𒆸 ŋeš aški

­sík῾e ( ~ -k-) a detail of the house entrance: Tung. *siK-; Mong. *seg;

Turk. *sekü; Jpn. *síkímí.

PTung. *siK- 1 penthouse 2 a bar (under threshhold, into which the

door heel is inserted) (1 навес, терраса 2 брус (под порогом, в кото-

ром вращается дверная пятка)): Man. sixin 1, siaqu 2.

◊ ТМС 2, 80-81. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.

PMong. *seg tent (шатер): WMong. seg; Kh. seg (БАМРС); Kalm.

seg.

◊ KW 321.

PTurk. *sekü stone bench, pedestal (каменное или глинобитное

сиденье, лежанка, помост): Karakh. sekü (MK); Tur. seki; Az. säki;

Turkm. seki; Tat. säki; Bashk. hikĭ; Kirgh. seki; Chuv. sagъ; Yak. eɣe

‘knolls’.

asal [POPLAR] N (645x) Early Dynastic I-II, Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Hellenistic wr. ŋešasal₂; ŋešasal₃; asal₂; ŋešasal; ŋešasal₂(A.TU); ŋešasal₂(A.TU.GABA); asal₃; asal₂(ASAL₂a); asal₂(A.TU); a₂-sal; ŋešasal₂(A.TU.A.TU.GABA.LIŠ); asal₂(A.TU.GABA); asalₓ(TU.GABA.LIŠ); ŋešasal₂(ASAL₂a); ŋešasal₂(A.TU.GABA.SIG.GAR); asal₂(A.TU.NUN&NUN.GABA.LIŠ); asal₂(A.TU.NUN&NUN.LIŠ) "poplar"

[1] 𒄑𒀀𒌅𒃮𒇺 ŋeš asal₂

[2] 𒄑𒀀𒌅𒉪 ŋeš asal₃

[3] 𒀀𒌅𒃮𒇺 asal₂

[4] 𒄑𒍂 ŋeš asal

[5] 𒄑𒀀𒌅𒀀𒌅 ŋešasal₂(A.TU)

[6] 𒄑𒀀𒌅𒃮𒀀𒌅𒃮 ŋešasal₂(A.TU.GABA)

[7] 𒀀𒌅𒉪 asal₃

[8] 𒀷𒀷 asal₂(ASAL₂a)

[9] 𒀀𒌅𒀀𒌅 asal₂(A.TU)

[10] 𒀉𒊩 a₂-sal

[11] 𒄑𒀀𒌅𒀀𒌅𒃮𒇺𒀀𒌅𒀀𒌅𒃮𒇺 ŋešasal₂(A.TU.A.TU.GABA.LIŠ)

[12] 𒀀𒌅𒃮𒀀𒌅𒃮 asal₂(A.TU.GABA)

[13] 𒌅𒃮𒇺𒌅𒃮𒇺 asalₓ(TU.GABA.LIŠ)

[14] 𒄑𒀷𒀷 ŋešasal₂(ASAL₂a)

[15] 𒄑𒀀𒌅𒃮𒋝𒃻𒀀𒌅𒃮𒋝𒃻 ŋešasal₂(A.TU.GABA.SIG.GAR)

[16] 𒀀𒌅𒉪𒃮𒇺𒀀𒌅𒉪𒃮𒇺 asal₂(A.TU.NU)

PTung. *mōsa 1 grinder, grinding stone 2 to grind 3 to thresh 4

thresher (1 жернов 2 молоть 3 молотить 4 молотилка): Man. mose-la-

2, mose-la-qu 1; Ul. moso-lo-qu 1; Nan. mōso (Bik., Он.) 1; mōso-la- 3, mōso-

laqo 4.

◊ ТМС 1, 547.

PMong. *mese sword, blade, axe (меч, лезвие, топор): MMong.

mese (SH); WMong. mese (L 537); Kh. mes; Bur. mese < Khalkha ?; Kalm.

mesə; Ord. mes

PTurk. *To(ŋ)gurak 1 poplar 2 willow (1 тополь 2 ива): OTurk.

toɣraq (OUygh. - YB) 1; Karakh. toɣraq (MK) 1; Tur. doranɨ 2 (dial.); Az.

daraŋɣɨ 1 (dial.); Turkm. toGaraq 1, toraŋŋɨ 2; MTurk. turaq

atah [HELPER] N (89x) Old Akkadian, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian wr. a₂-taḫ; aš-taḫ; a-taḫ "helper"

[1] 𒀉𒈭 a₂-taḫ

[2] 𒀸𒈭 aš-taḫ

[3] 𒀀𒈭 a-taḫ

­t῾ébo to help, assist, serve: Tung. *teb-; Mong. *tab; Jpn. *tá(m)pa-p-;

Kor. *tōb-.

PTung. *teb- 1 to graze (of deer) 2 to protect (1 пастись (об оленях)

2 охранять, защищать): Evk. tewej- 1; Ud. tegbese- 2.

◊ ТМС 2, 226.

PMong. *tab 1 pleasure 2 find pleasure in something 3 to love (1

удовольствие, удобство 2 получать удовольствие, удовлетворение 3

любить): MMong. tab 4, taji- 2, ta’ala-

157 instances

a de [IRRIGATE] V/t (157x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, unknown wr. a de₂; a de₂-de₂; e de; a₂ de₆ "to irrigate (by flooding)"

(a[water//water]N'N + de[pour//to pour]V/t'V/t)

[1] 𒀀X a de₂

[2] 𒀀XX a de₂-de₂

[3] 𒂊𒁲 e de

[4] 𒀉𒁺 a₂ de₆

­tùke to pour: Turk. *dök-; Jpn. *tùk-; Kor. *tahi-.

PTurk. *dök- to pour out (лить, сыпать): OTurk. tök- (Orkh.,

OUygh.); Karakh. tök- (MK, KB); Tur. dök-; Gag. dök-; Az. tök-; Turkm.

dök-; Sal. tü’- (ССЯ); Khal. tök-, tek-

agrig [STEWARD] N (507x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Ebla, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian wr. agrig "steward, housekeeper"

[1] 𒅆𒁾 agrig

­kara ( ~ -u) to look, observe: Tung. *kara-; Mong. *kara-; Turk. *Karak;

Kor. *kàrm-.

PTung. *kara- 1 to guard, protect 2 to watch (1 беречь, защищать 2

наблюдать): Evk. karama-, karma- 1, kara-m-na- ‘to envy’; Evn. qarɣụs- 1

(Arm.), qarqị- ‘to wait’; Man. qarma- 1 (perhaps also χarša-, ТМС 1, 380);

SMan. qarmə- (797) 1; Ul. qarGa-čụ- 2; Ork. qarGa- 2; Nan. qarGa-čị- 2;

◊ ТМС 1, 381-382. The Evk. form kar(a)ma- is cited from Lee 1958 (quoting Shiro-

kogoroff 1944 which was unavailable to us).

PMong. *kara- 1 to look 2 patrol, watch (1 смотреть 2 патруль, ка-

раул): MMong. qara- 1, qara’ul (SH) 2, qara- (MA, HYt) 1; WMong. qara-

1, qaraɣul 2 (L 932, 933); Kh. xara- 1, xarūl 2; Bur. xara- 1; Kalm. xarə- 1;

Ord. xara- 1; Mog. qara- 1 (Ramstedt 1906); Dag. xarāla- 1 (Тод. Даг.

174), xarōl 2; S.-Yugh. χarūl 2, χarəmul ‘sight’; Mongr. xarla- (SM 164),

xarə- 1; xarəmul ‘sight’.

◊ KW 169, MGCD 329, 331, 334. Mong. > Chag. etc. qara-, qarawul (see TMN 1, 401,

Щербак 1997, 208; a backloan from Turkic is probably ZM qarawol (8-6a) ‘vanguard’),

ЭСТЯ 5, 288-289, 290-291.

PTurk. *Karak 1 eye-ball 2 eye 3 a gentle address (“my dear”) (1

зрачок 2 глаз 3 ласковое обращение): OTurk. qaraq 1 (OUygh.);

Karakh. qaraq 2 (MK, KB); Tur. köz karasɨ 1, Osm. (XV) qaraq 2; Az. göz

Garasɨ 1; Turkm. Garaq 1; MTurk. qaraq (Pav. C., Бор. Бад., Sangl.) 1,

(Abush.) 2; Uzb. qɔrɛčiq 1; Uygh. qar(i)čuq 1; Kirgh. qaraq 3, dial. qareq 1,

ki aŋ [LOVE] (V/t)

ki aŋ [LOVE] V/t (392x) Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Hellenistic wr. ki aŋ₂; ki-ig aŋ₂; ki ig "to love"

(ki[place//place]N'N + aŋ[measure//to measure]V/t'V/t)

[1] 𒆠𒉘 ki aŋ₂

[2] 𒆠𒅅𒉘 ki-ig aŋ₂

[3] 𒆠𒅅 ki ig

­kaje ( ~ k῾-) to love, covet: Mong. *kaji-; Turk. *Kɨj-.

PMong. *kaji- 1 to seek, investigate 2 love, compassion (1 искать,

исследовать 2 любовь, сострадание): MMong. qairala-, qaijirala- ‘to

love, treat kindly’ (HYt), qajirala- ‘сострадать’ (MA); WMong. qaji- 1 (L

911), qajira 2 (L 913); Kh. xaj- 1, xajr 2; Bur. xaj- 1, xajra 2; Kalm. xǟrn 2;

Ord. xǟra, xǟram 2; Dag. xairan 2 (Тод. Даг. 172); S.-Yugh. χair 2; Mongr.

xran 2; xrla- ‘cher, chéri; aimer, gratifier’ (SM 167), xairGan 2.

◊ KW 180, MGCD 317. Mong. > Man. xaira- etc., see Rozycki 98.

PTurk. *Kɨj- 1 greedy, miserly 2 wise, clever 3 to offer, sacrifice 4 to

dare (1 жадный, скупой 2 мудрый, умный 3 жертвовать, приносить

в жертву, посвящать себя 4 сметь, решаться, покушаться): Tur. kɨj-

3; Gag. qɨj- 4; Az. Gɨj- 3, 4; MTurk. qɨj- 4 (AH); Krm. qɨj- 3; Tat. qɨj- 4;

Bashk. qɨj- 4; Kirgh. qɨj- 3, 4; Kaz. qɨj- 3; KKalp. qɨj- 3; Khak. xɨjɣa 2, xɨjtɨx

1; Oyr. qɨjɣa 1; Chuv. xъj- 4.

akiti [FESTIVAL] N (274x) Early Dynastic IIIa, Early Dynastic IIIb, Old Akkadian, Ur III, Old Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, unknown wr. a₂-ki-ti; a₂-ki-it; a₂-ki-te; a₂-ki-tum "a festival at new year; month name"

[1] 𒀉𒆠𒋾 a₂-ki-ti

[2] 𒀉𒆠𒀉 a₂-ki-it

[3] 𒀉𒆠𒋼 a₂-ki-te

[4] 𒀉𒆠𒌈 a₂-ki-tum

PA *gia(j)t῾ì ‘to go, come’ (PT *gē(j)t- ‘to go’): PM *getü-l- / *gatu-l- ‘to

cross over’, PJ *kítá-r- ‘to come, arrive’

TR: ey gidi! (ah those times!) exclamation.