SQL Injections:

Apply parameterized queries or prepared statements to ensure proper input sanitization and prevent SQL injection attacks.

Implement input validation and filtering to detect and reject malicious SQL queries or suspicious characters.

Utilize an ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) framework or query builder that handles SQL injection prevention automatically.

Long Method:

Break down the long method into smaller, more manageable and cohesive functions or methods.

Identify logical sections within the long method and extract them into separate functions with meaningful names.

Apply the Single Responsibility Principle (SRP) to distribute the functionality among multiple methods.

Consider using helper functions or utility classes to encapsulate repetitive or common code fragments.

Feature Envy:

Identify and analyze the code that exhibits feature envy by closely examining dependencies on external classes or excessive method calls.

Apply the Extract Method refactoring to move the code that envies another class's features into the class it belongs to.

Utilize appropriate encapsulation techniques, such as moving related data and behavior into the same class, to minimize feature envy.

Consider applying the Move Method refactoring to relocate methods to the class that possesses the required data.

Insecure Authentication:

Implement a secure authentication mechanism that utilizes strong password hashing algorithms, such as bcrypt or Argon2.

Enforce password complexity requirements and encourage users to choose strong passwords.

Implement mechanisms for account lockouts, password reset procedures, and multi-factor authentication (MFA) if necessary.

Apply secure session management techniques, including secure token handling, session expiration, and secure cookie settings.

Insecure Authorization:

Implement a robust role-based access control (RBAC) system to enforce proper authorization.

Conduct a thorough review of the authorization logic to ensure that sensitive operations and data are properly protected.

Apply the Principle of Least Privilege (PoLP) by granting only the necessary permissions to each user or role.

Regularly conduct security audits and penetration testing to identify and address any vulnerabilities in the authorization mechanism.

Remember, these refactorings should be applied in conjunction with other security best practices and measures to ensure a comprehensive approach to security. It is essential to continually assess and update security measures as new vulnerabilities emerge.