We have some primeval (it is not necessary that all agree on all of them) entities of our known universe, like space, time, energy/mass and information. The question is, if we can add intelligence to them, namely, is intelligence only a specific demonstration of information working in complex systems – in which case the term artificial intelligence would 1) cover also the term intelligence itself and 2) there would be only machines and mechanisms out there; any free will, the freedom of choice, is an illusion. On the other hand, if there is intelligence as a genuine, irreducible principle of the universe, then artificial intelligence (AI) is an oxymoron (see an illuminative answer on this topics by Lousi Brassard (in https://www.researchgate.net/post/Can_we_mathematically_model_consciousness?view=5a26b4b848954c2965257d8c ). In this case, deterministic machines (i.e. automata), not important how complicated, would have no intelligence whatsoever. If intelligence is different form deterministic mechanisms, the AI is only an emulation of intelligent behavior with no true intelligence on the background. In this case, an electron, a bacterium or a paramecium would have more true intelligence than all computers (as they are designed as completely deterministic machines) together.
It seems that as yet nobody has been challenged to answer this question. Let me then help in clarifying its issues.
Biological intelligence currently lacks a consistent theory and understanding. We observe it, we explore it, we are amazed many times and that’s it. For instance, we have at least three different brain architectures that bring relatively biological) intelligence as an outcome. It should mean a very similar processing on a widely different hardware. See this video on Octopus (most probably the most intelligent invertebrate) amazing intelligence https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_G6eH1KDl0s and this fantastic tool-making accomplishment of a bird: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZH01-dt-LJM (I will not proceed with mammals like dolphins or chimps, as we know them the best). Natural intelligence seems a highly emergent process that is not based on a specific network architecture. The question, therefore is, whether the natural intelligence is a principle of the universe (like information) that emerges when a system with an appropriate, but possibly different architecture gives the needed basis.
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