In my opinion R is more high-level compared with Python.
but i like working with python because of it's popularity, communities, packages and specially it's wide and powerful application in big data. ( such as PySpark )
but R also is powerful same as Python specially in visualization.
When I do statistical research, I prefer to use R for the academic reference and trust-worthy statistical algorithm. When I need to process "big" data, I prefer to use python for its wide-ranging packages, data process ability on wider data types (such as string) and speed.
So it depends on your need. I prefer to combine them together.
Yuan Chen Since you have experience with R and python both, can you be precise what exactly R cannot to what python can? I recently started to dig into the tidyverse and would like to know how far I can get with it before being "forced" to learn python :)
The main advantages of Python focus on speed and data process ability. Python can process more than 1 G data. Only R hardly processes on these quantity smoothly and you have to use SQL/HIVE/HADOOP together with R.
Some of python's packages (numpy, Pandas) is written by C or from Intel Math Kernel Library etc. These ensure the processing speed.
In all, Python may have a higher industrial ability. R may have a higher academic ability.
i'm not experienced in R as same as Python, But I know R by it's simplicity. although Python is a bit complicate but not as much as another programming languages such as Java, C, C++, C# and so on.
As Yuan Chen pointed in previous comments, on of the python's excellence relative to R is application of Python in Big Data Analysis where PySpark comes up and also application of Python in Map Reduce Programming for distributed file systems such as Hadoop.
But i do agree with Yuan in this subject that R is more powerful in statistical analysis.
Holger Steinmetz you are a social scientist and a person like you at least should understand Big Data Concepts like Hadoop, etc. Data Velocity, Data Variety , Data Volume and such another characteristics of data is a serious challenge. exploration and research in Big Data field and applications is critical now in every data applications.
Notice that it is just my opinion and you can search more for better results and whatever you want. :D