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An approach used in the United States in the maize belt was to track the incidence of birth defect the occurrence of spinal deformity and the incidence of non distended testes in male births a function of the water contamination rate of atrazine for the testes issue and nitrates for the spinal abnormalities.
The high levels of water nitrates and atrazine are function seasonal maize culture and the higher incidences can be 9 months after the peak water contamination dates.
Agrichemicals in surface water and birth defects in the United States
Paul D Winchester,Jordan Huskins,Jun Ying
First published: 06 March 2009
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01207.x
Citations: 106
Correspondence Paul D Winchester, MD, St. Francis Hospital, 8111 South Emerson Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46237, USA. Tel: 1 317 865 5595 | Fax: 1 317 865 5148 | Email: [email protected]
Re-use of this article is permitted in accordance with the Creative Commons Deed, Attribution 2.5, which does not permit commercial exploitation.
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Abstract Objectives: To investigate if live births conceived in months when surface water agrichemicals are highest are at greater risk for birth defects.Methods: Monthly concentrations during 1996–2002 of nitrates, atrazine and other pesticides were calculated using United States Geological Survey's National Water Quality Assessment data. Monthly United States birth defect rates were calculated for live births from 1996 to 2002 using United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention natality data sets. Birth defect rates by month of last menstrual period (LMP) were then compared to pesticide/nitrate means using logistical regression models.Results: Mean concentrations of agrichemicals were highest in April–July. Total birth defects, and eleven of 22 birth defect subcategories, were more likely to occur in live births with LMPs between April and July. A significant association was found between the season of elevated agrichemicals and birth defects.Conclusion: Elevated concentrations of agrichemicals in surface water in April–July coincided with higher risk of birth defects in live births with LMPs April–July. While a causal link between agrichemicals and birth defects cannot be proven from this study an association might provide clues to common factors shared by both variables.
They pollute the soil, water, and air pollution, disrupt the natural ecosystem, and cause the death of the nontarget organism. and badly affect human health such as respiratory and digestive problems etc. Please see the following link and also attached file. Thanks,
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/48406
Plant, protection products authorisation, is one of the most regulated areas in Europe.
One of the most important ways of protect plants and plant products against harmful organisms, including weeds, and of improving agricultural production is the use of Plant Protection Products (PPP).
PPP can however also have non beneficial effects on plant production and their use may involve risks and hazards for humans, animals and the environment, especially if placed on the market without having been officially tested and authorised and if incorrectly used.
The purpose of the Regulation (EC) nº 1107/2009, of 21st October, is to ensure a high level of protection of both human/animal health and the environment and at the same time to safeguard the competitiveness of Community agriculture. Particular attention is paid to the protection of vulnerable groups of the population, including pregnant women, infants and children.
The precautionary principle is applied and this Regulation ensures that industry demonstrates that substances or products produced or placed on the market do not have any harmful effect on human/animal health or any unacceptable effects on the environment.
Active substances should only be included in PPP where it has been demonstrated that they present a clear benefit for plant production and they are not expected to have any harmful effect on human or animal health or any unacceptable effects on the environment.
In order to achieve the same level of protection in all Member States, the decision on acceptability or non-acceptability of such substances is taken at Community level on the basis of harmonised criteria (Regulation (EC) n.º 546/2011). These criteria should be applied for the first approval of an active substance under this Regulation. For active substances already approved, the criteria should be applied at the time of renewal or review of their approval.
The List of approved active substances (Commission Implementing Regulation (EC) No 540/2011)
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