(1). Parental financial status (for younger singles).  (2). Existance of any Wellfare- supportive system, in the individual's country (especially for divorced women).   (3). The Level of education.   (4). Age-group differences    (5). Religion (Number one barrier among some conservative- believers).    (6). The Agricultural or, industerial status of their living state (women's physical ability to work in an agricultural mass-production environment is lower than working in a high tech. industerial environment). (7). Cultural impacts (e.g. poor women work, but rich women spend).  

Kia ora Bonga

Interventions to promote financial literacy in developing nations are best attempted within an ecological framework. that is to say micro interventions (raising confidence) meso interventions (market incentives for women) and macro (state initiatives) there are many more examples in each 'domain' and the domains themselves overlap somewhat.... for example, in raising confidence for women may be part of an attempt at ventures that are supported at a govt level... and the list goes on. I have attached a pdf for you to look at which details some schemes to improve financial literacy with women in oecd countries but apart from cultural peculiarities (womens standing in their country,  or whats expected of them, allowed etc..)the ideas will still be relevant in  some way applicable and adaptable.

go well 

Thanx Dean Drummond &  Faranack Nader Benz , let me work on the project.

Interesting question. I would say it has nothing to do with biological differences between man and woman. The reasons are social. So let women as soon as possible have access to financial decision making and responsibilities, identify factors which hamper their acquisition of financial literacy, reduce the effect of these. Find female role models.

Thanx Charles Berg, female role models should preach the gospel and financial awareness will be enhanced.

Social factors are largely responsible for this. In Kenya, formation of women groups has been very effective in empowering women in this area. This is because they are involved practically in managing their financial contributions through table banking and gives them avenues of saving which eventually enable them to own property, for instance land. Banks and other institutions also use the platform of women groups to train them on financial management. 

Thanx a lot  Jane Muringi Wangaruro

How can financial literacy be improved among women in developing nations? I think social barriers must fall first. Society need to accept women as adults that can also make financial decisions, good or bad. Then women must also seek information to ensure their financial literacy, taking responsibility.

Very true  Beatrice Maphosa, social factors do contribute and also individuals themselves should be geared to be taken to the next level, their willingness is crucial.

With   rapidly   changing   financial   markets   and   increasing   individual   responsibility—in particular  for  retirement  income—being  able  to  make  informed  financial  decisions  has become of paramount importance. The gender gap in financial literacy continues to persist even after taking into account marital status, education, income, and other socioeconomic characteristics. Gender differences occur not only in objective measures of financial literacy but also in self-reported financial literacy measures. We  also  show  that  financial  literacy  can  be  linked  to  behavior:  Those  who  are  more  financially literate are more likely to plan for retirement, to invest in the stock market and pay attention  to  fees and  to  borrow  at low  costs. To  evaluate  financial  literacy,  respondents  were  asked  three  simple  questions  covering  fundamental  concepts  of  economics  and  finance,  expressed  in  everyday  terms  that  require simple interest  rate  calculations  and  an  understanding  of  the  workings  of  inflation  and risk diversification.

Noted Kiran Grover, you have mentioned very important aspects of Financial literacy. This explains why the concept should be greatly emphasised at national level.

Financial literacy empowers people, especially women, to make independent decisions. During emergencies or unforeseen circumstances, an individual can take correct steps if she is financially literate.

Ways to improve financial literacy

• Education yourself.
• Subscribe to financial newsletters.
• Listen to financial podcasts.
• Read personal finance books.
• Use social media.
• Start keeping a budget.
• Talk to a financial professional.

Through financial education and empowerment....We need to admit that women and men have different styles of acquiring financial literacy, and Remund David L. Remund mentioned these differences in 2010.

My study also discovered the uniqueness of Muslim women and men in acquiring financial literacy; however, the exposure to the formal finance course is more significant. Muslim women achieve financial literacy through part-time small businesses (since they are university students). They prefer to save money through the informal saving fund than formally learn finance in school. At the same time, men are usually motivated by formal finance courses.

Please read, review and comment,

Article Financial literacy among Malaysian Muslim undergraduates