There are several machine learning algorithm techniques considering the types such as supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised, and Reinforcement learning. here is the list of techniques:
Linear Regression
Logistic Regression
Decision Trees
Random Forest
Support Vector Machines (SVM)
Naive Bayes
K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)
K-Means Clustering
Hierarchical Clustering
Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
Gradient Boosting Machines (GBM)
AdaBoost
Neural Networks (Deep Learning)
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)
Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)
Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTM)
Gated Recurrent Units (GRU)
Autoencoders
Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)
Reinforcement Learning (Q-Learning, Deep Q-Learning, etc.)
Mr. Adil Hussain already named a lot of them, but I will add that Artificial Neural Networks alone has maybe 30 different variations with new type being introduced yearly or even monthly, and we cannot list them all. I will add links with some nice ANN variations: