I do not know of any in the U.S. The closest thing I can think of is some communities offer businesses tax breaks for moving into their area. The businesses are usually obligated to provide so many jobs but are not required to pay certain taxes.
I would think the problems any such system would cause would far outweigh any benefit to government and society. From a societal standpoint, we do not want a society where jobs are created just to create jobs. Jobs should be created that meet a demand otherwise, it is a waste. If the law says, "You have to create X jobs if your profit is Y" the jobs created would not necessarily be very beneficial to the economy. The jobs would tend to be low paying and/or go to family members and friends, particularly family members and friends of those in power.
Certainly all of the different ways humans could manipulate such a system could be regulated and monitored. However, this system would also be very difficult and wasteful to monitor. True, the monitoring would create many jobs. However, the monitoring jobs would have to be paid for from tax revenue to be even marginally effective.
A more efficient, albeit not perfect, process is to just collect taxes on profit. This allows the government to funnel the money into needed services, which creates needed jobs or at least jobs that society perceives it needs. In addition, funneling money to lower income residents creates jobs.
Certainly, there is conflict and corruption in a system that collects taxes and has a government entity spend the money. No one wants to pay taxes. Tax collection and government can be manipulated by humans to circumvent the purposes, resulting in graft and crime. Also, disagreement about how the government should spend the money will exist. Both systems cause problems but in my opinion the problems are fewer is we just collect a tax on profit.