The pH sensing mechanism based on the ion-exchange between hydrogen ions and the surface sites of the metal membrane. Increasing the number of sites (Ns) lead to increase the positive charge at the gate, hence increase the pH sensitivity.

Can anyone help me by explain to me what these site represent? Are they represent molecules or atoms? Because sometimes we get atoms on the surface not only material molecules.

The second question is what are these atoms or molecules represent (particle, grain or crystal)? How can we distinguish between them through FESEM measurement?

Many thanks in advance for all colleagues, with my best regards

Fayroz

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