The Clarias gariepinus is one of the most extensively cultured fish in tropical and subtropical conditions due to its ability to satisfy aquaculturist and consumer needs; consequently, these fish are regarded as a promising candidate model for toxicological studies and monitoring of pollutants released into aquatic environments. The exposure of these fish to 4-NP affects multiple systems, including the endocrine, reproductive, haematological, and metabolic systems. 4-NP is classified as highly immunotoxic because it downregulates genes associated with immune reactivity, induces pro-inflammatory mediators, and upregulates genes associated with the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.