One has to read Paul Romer’s works on modern growth theories. He has many articles, and he built/summarize Solow’s growth model for his purpose, although it would of much educational to also read Solow’s work. The one article that encapsulate Romer’s work I think to start with is the following free chapter, which has his other works in the reference:
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National
Bureau of Economic Research, Volume Title: NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1987, Volume 2
Volume Author/Editor: Stanley Fischer, editor, Volume Publisher: The MIT Press. Volume ISBN: 0-262-56040-0
Chapter Title: Crazy Explanations for the Productivity Slowdown
Chapter Author: Paul M. Romer
Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c11101
Chapter pages in book: (p. 163 - 210)
A complete knowledge of growth theory is not attained without the vision of growth for capitalistic societies set out by Adam Smith in the Wealth of Nation. I highly recommend Adolph Lowe’s article on Smith growth model to be found in:
“Essay on Adam Smith,” edited by Andrew S. Skinner and Thomas Wilson, Oxford Press, 1975, pp. 415-425.
Adam Smith article included the influence of technology on growth during his time. Romer's article include modern innovations. A third article if you would allow, would be about diffusion of innovation, which is best started with Kenneth Arrow "The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing," Review of Economic Studies, 29: pp. 155-173.
You can consider these two papers, they are useful to promote good discussions in the class:
Baumol, W. 2002. Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Growth: The David-Goliath Symbiosis. Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance and Business Ventures, 7(2): 1-10.
Christensen, C., Johnson, m, Rigby, D. 2002. Foundations for growth: how to identify and build disruptive new business. MIT Sloan Management Review, 43(3), 22-31.
Also, although students can find a bit harder to read the work of Shumpeter, but I think it is a must for this type of course:
Schumpeter, J.A. 1957. El fenómeno fundamental del desenvolvimiento económico. Teoría del desenvolvimiento económico. México DF, México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.