hi

im find this link

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2314717216300071

This thesis may help you in some aspects.

https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10222/31423/Darfoun-Mohamed-MASc-ECED-July-2013.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10222/31423/Darfoun-Mohamed-MASc-ECED-July-2013.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

So, your question seems to be based on one assumption; DGs are either connected to the sub-transmission system or DGs connected at distribution system would have some impact on the sub-transmission/ transmission system. Correct?

when you said reliability and stability, do you mean the reliability and stability of transmission system or distribution system? each system is different. If you are referring to the distribution system, stability issue may not be an issue. Stability is related to the response of the synchronous generator. So, if your distribution system does not have a synchronous generator, you won't have a stability issue, though you may have reliability issue.

hi dear jeremy lin

i means impact on the sub-transmission/ system

Try this paper

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281182969_On_the_Effects_of_Solar_Panels_on_Distribution_Transformers

Article On the Effects of Solar Panels on Distribution Transformers

in this case, the impact is 'indirect'. You have to make a lot of assumptions to formulate a decent research problem.

To me, the impact of DG is more direct on distribution system. If you can model both transmission and distribution system, all the best!!

International Journal of Research Volume 2, Issue 07, July 2015 e-ISSN: 2348-6848, p- ISSN: 2348-795X

Analysis of Recent Technologies Introduced in the Electric Power System

Dr. M.R. Farooqi1, Ms.Sarita Sharma2

1 Principal CompuCom Institute of Technology & Management Sitapura, Jaipur,

2Assistant Professor, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur

Email id: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: - This paper examines the impact of

technologies recently introduced in the electric power

system. The penetration of distributed generation,

smart grid and micro grid in the power system in

recent years leads to number of technical, economic

and environmental benefits. The overall improvement

in the electric power system due to these technologies

was need of the hour. A lot of work has been carried

out regarding proper placement of distributed

generator in the network. However, it is found that

distributed generator operated by non-conventional

energy sources always found beneficial in many ways.

Addition of smart grid and micro grid further enhances

power system efficiency, economy and reliability.

Key words: Distributed generator (DG), Smart

Grid, Micro Grid, Power System

I. INTRODUCTION

During last few decades the whole world was busy in

carrying out reforms in their electric power industry.

This was required because of the fact that economic,

social, academic developments are impossible without

electricity. The per capita consumption of electricity

indicates the prosperity of the country or rather to say

decides whether the country is developed or not.[1]

There were number of objectives behind the reform,

such as creating competition among utilities to have

lower energy prices with increased reliability, price

transparency as demanded by the consumers,

regulation of cross subsidies among different users,

increase efficiency of the utilities, unexpected growth

in energy demand particularly in developing countries,

pressure on government to raise fund for economic as

well as overall reforms and to raise funds for social

services etc.[3]

The above objectives could have been achieved by

using advance technologies in the power system, by

reducing technical as well as commercial losses which

is a big challenge for all electric utilities all over the

world by reducing subsidies given to different class of

consumers etc. As far as use of advance technology is

concerned, penetration of distributed generators based

on non-conventional sources of energy at different

position in the distributed network improves the

efficiency, economy, technical quality of the

distributed network.

Smart grid is advance version of current grid system.

In current grid system power plant supply electricity to

consumers and there is no communication from

consumer to utility. Smart grid system is a two way

communication. A micro grid is semiautonomous

grouping of generating sources and consumers.

II. Case Study

The electric power generated by conventional sources

such as coal, gas, nuclear power etc. cannot be

generated at any place. Such power plants can be

constructed at suitable locations only. Hence such

power plants are centralized and to transmit electric

power to load centers, a large network of transmission

and distribution system is required. The large network

of transmission and distribution system requires large

capital investment as well as power loss during

operation. However, electric power generated by non

conventional energy sources such as wind energy,

solar power etc.[6] can be generated in small quantity

at almost any location. Hence such types of generating

stations are decentralized and need no large

transmission and distribution network. Such

generating stations are called distributed generators

and are located at or near the premises of end

consumers which provide incremental capacity to

power system. In the deregulated power market,

concerns about the enviournmental as well as

economic issues have led increased interest in

distributed generation [7].

The alternative to conventional energy sources like

electric energy converted by sun energy, wind energy,

geothermal energy etc. are found to be very promising

in near future. Their input cost is zero and can be

generated near to end consumers thereby avoiding

huge capital investment in developing transmission

and distribution network. The present condition of

electric market is demanding tremendous

transformations in order to control instability in the

prices, ageing infrastructure, enviournmental

challenges, unexpected growing demand of electricity,

and social as well as political pressure on electric

utilities. Distributed generators are expected to play a

key role in the future electric market because of their

economic viability and unending power. As per study

conducted by electric power research institute (EPRI),

that the 30% of power generation will be shared by

distributed generation in near future. Apart from

economy other factors which led to increasing interest

in distributed generation placement in our power

system are saving in conventional sources reserves,

increasing conciseness of enviournmental protection

etc.[2]

Distributed generation unlike centralized electric

generation aim to generate electric energy on small

scale as near as possible to load centers. Now days,

even small individual consumers are installing

distributed generators at their own premises and such

consumers are then almost independent of electric

utility. [13]

As stated before, smart grid is the advanced version of

Current grid. Current grid supply electricity to its

consumers and it is a one way communication system.

Whereas, smart grid is a two way system, i.e.

communication from both sides, from utility to

consumer and vice versa using analog or digital

information and communication technology.[9]

The smart grid will take electric industry into a new

era where reliability, avlaiblity, economy, efficiency,

quality of power supply will be as required. Also it

will be enviournmental friendly. [10]

The smart grid will be equipped with all the latest

technologies, innovations, devices and equipments.

Hence smart grid will have the quality to transmit

power more efficiently, restore power system after

disturbances more quickly, reduced operational and

maintenance losses will be able to reduce peak

demand, will be able to penetrate renewable energy

sources at large scale in the power system so that

carbon-di-oxide emission will be reduced. Smart grid

will provide full help and knowledge to its consumers

having their own distributed generation to sell surplus

power back to utility etc.[5]

Micro grids are local grids which are formed by

interconnection of some distributed generators and

consumers. The micro grid can be operated

independently as well as can be connected with the

traditional grid. When connected with the traditional

grid, micro grid provides good quality of electricity

and helps the electric utility to reduce transmission and

distribution losses and number of another economic,

technical and enviournmental benefits.[12]

During any kind of disturbances in the traditional grid,

micro grid is operated independently and supply

electric power to its consumers. [11]

III. CONCLUSION

Due to day by day advancement in technologies

related to sun energy, wind energy and other nonconventional

form of energies, placement of

distributed generators operated by non-conventional

energy sources in distribution network is increasing

exponentially. Though due to continually changes in

weather conditions, the distributed generators operated

by solar and wind energy creates continuity and

stability problems but even with these problems their

benefits cannot be ignored and distributed generator

placement in distribution network will always be

beneficial due to number of economic and

enviournmental factors.

Through collecting, using and sharing of renewable

energy, the distributed generation, micro grid and

smart grid solve the energy crisis. The micro grid is in

the stage of building demonstration projects, although

the smart grid is at the initial stage. Worldwide, it has

become a vision of future to developed smart cities.

The future of electric industry depends on all the three

technologies described above. In future, conventional

energy sources will be no more. The world has to

depend upon non-conventional sources only. The

smart grid and micro grid will play very important role

in managing activities of electric industry so that

electric industry will provide its services to consumers

as per their requirements. There will be no load

shading, no blackouts and no shortage of power. A lot

of research work is required to enhance capability and

reliability of distributed generation as well as to fulfill

the dream of perfect micro and smart grids.

IV. REFERENCES

1. Yanwen Luo, Jiang He, Hongjuan Liu and Lebin

Wu “Application of the Distributed Generation, Micro

and Smart Power Grid in the Urban Planning”, IEEE

vol. 978, pp 4799-3669- 2014

2. A.K Srivastava, A.A Kumar, and N.N. Schulz,

‘Impact of distributed generation with energy storage

devices on the electric grid, “IEEE Syst.J. vol.6, no.1,

pp.110-117, Mar.2012.

3. Zha0 Hongwei and Wu Taotao. ‘Microgrid

technology based on distributed power supply,

‘electric power system and automation, vol.20,

pp.121-125, 20008

4. Guo Hai, Su Jianhui, and Leslie Cheung, ‘the

technology of micro grid, “Sichuan Electric Power

Technology”, vol.32, pp. 1-5, 2009.

5. Shu Jie. “Research of independent micro grid

technology based on distributed renewable

energypowergeneration,

”Guangzhou:ZhongshaUniversity, jun 2010

6. Wang Shaoyong, ‘Desigen and operation of micro

grid basedbased on distributed power,’ Electric Power

Automation Equipment, vol.31,pp. 120-123,2011.

7. Zhao Bo, Li Peng, Tong Hangwei, Zhang Xuesong,

Fan Yuanliang, ‘survey on development from

distributed generation to microgrid,’Zhejiang Electric

Power, vol3,pp1-5.

8. Lu Zongxiang, Wang Caixia, and He Yong,

‘Research on micro grid’ Automation of Electric

Power Systems, vol.31, pp. 100-105, 2007.

9. Wang Chengshan and Li Peng, ‘Development and

challenge of micro grid and smart distribution

network,’Automation of Electric Power Systems,

vol.34, pp.10-14,2010.

10. Jeremy Rivkin. The third industrial

revolution, Beijing;CITIC publishing house, 2012.

11. Zhan Jie, Xiao Jing, Zhao Yishu. ‘Analysis

for Effect of Distributed Generation and microgrid in

smart distribution Grid Self-heating function

Implementated’ Journal of Shandong Electric power

College vol13, pp33-36.

12. Yang Zhicung, Le Jan, Liu Kaipei, Xie

Xuejing. ‘Study on Standards of micro grid

interconnection’ Power System Protection and

Control, vol40, pp66-76

13. Dr. Farooqi, et al. “Allocation and

minimizing of distributed generator in a distribution

network. An overview of different approaches first”,

IJEMSER, IISN 2348-83733, vol-1. Issue-4, April-

2014

hi

it it suggest to focus on demand response of caused by the impact of DGs which will lay on reliability issues. it must be taken into account the temporal and spatial characteristics of the power grid as well of its generation and load dynamics. The problem is the frequency regulation design lends itself well to supporting, somewhat overview is required because current implementations draws specific structures and assumptions common to model aggregation in typical large-scale distribution systems. Anyway assumption should be clear in order to satisfy the proposed models and ensuring acceptable frequency response depend on the type of disturbances, electrical characteristic of interconnected systems then these assumption would lead to required power supply and demand balancing.

Follow this it might help !

Control and optimization methods for electric  smart Grids

Author: Aranya Chakrabortty Marija D.Llc

I want to get some information (e.g thesis) about the impact of distributed generators in the sub transmotion - ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/post/I_want_to_get_some_information_eg_thesis_about_the_impact_of_distributed_generators_in_the_sub_transmotion2 [accessed Jul 2, 2016].

Hi

Distributed generation (DG) is expected to become more important in the future generation system. The current literature,

however, does not use a consistent definition of DG. This paper discusses the relevant issues and aims at providing a general

definition for distributed power generation in competitive electricity markets. In general, DG can be defined as electric power

generation within distribution networks or on the customer side of the network. In addition, the terms distributed resources,

distributed capacity and distributed utility are discussed. Network and connection issues of distributed generation are presented,

too. © 2001 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

hi

im find this link

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2314717216300071