Mr. Aljaradin, Thanks a lot for your articles.

Rzgar,

A very short comment. Making compost from mixed waste has been tried here in Brazil and has been abandoned. The quality was so low that there were no customers for it. The only use for it would be landfilling, as is the case with MBT products in Europe. As far as source separated waste goes, my expereince is that is has to go through at least two sorting stages to qualify for composting. Then the compost will be clean.

Cheers,

Manfred

Dr. Fehr, very much thanks for your great information, we also produce compost from Mixed waste in Kurdistan region but still under investigation as far as i know. i wanna compare now the impurity in bio-waste during collection in household to the impurity existing in the finished compost such as: heavy metal,plastic and so on. do you please have any research on comparing the impurities before and after treatment, at least for source-separated collection waste? warmly regards, Rzgar

The following document deals with different strategies for seperating contaminants in municipal solid waste intended for composting.Comarison is made for heavy metals in source seperation and centralized seperation.

Municipal solid waste composting:Strategies for separating contaminants by Tom L.Richard  Cornell composting

http://compost.css.cornell.edu/MSWFactSheets/msw.fs3.html

The following publication from Indian Institute of Soil Science ,Bhopal may provide some useful information in the area of your interest.

An assessment of municipal solid waste compost quality produced in different cities of India in the perspective of developing quality control indices by J.K. Saha,N.Panwar and M.V.Singh  Waste Management 30:192-201(2010) doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2009.09.041

Rzgar,

I do have many publications on composting, but none on the precise topic you are looking for. This is so because to me, composting mixed waste with the objective to sell or use the compost does not make sense, exactly for that reason: it is not pure. I have made compost from source separated biodegradable residues. The source separation was done in two steps, one by residents and another one by employees of apartament buildings. The material was pure and obviously resulted in pure compost. What am I trying to tell you? Unless you provide clean biodegradable residues, there is no point in composting. Some of my papers are listed below, others you can find in my Research Gate profile.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJETM.2007.015145  

http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJEWM.2012.048159

http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242X14541985 

Good luck in your studies.

Manfred

Dear Professor Subba Rao

I highly appreciate your articles, very useful.

Regards,

Rzgar

Dear Professor Fehr 

Thank you so much for your comprehensive comment and also great & useful articles.

I totally accept your view on mixed waste, it is always not appropriate to use in agricultural sector. as you mentioned, output strongly links to input waste.

Regards,

Rzgar