Dear Dashly,

Attached please find some publications that cover the answer to your question.

1-Journal of Ceramics

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 721606, 6 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/721606

Research Article

Study of Gamma Ray Exposure Buildup Factor for Some Ceramics with Photon Energy, Penetration Depth and Chemical Composition

Tejbir Singh,1 Gurpreet Kaur,2 and Parjit S. Singh3

1Department of Physics, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab 140407, India

2Department of Physics, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Haryana 133207, India

3Department of Physics, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India

Received 12 June 2012; Accepted 7 January 2013

Academic Editor: Baolin Wang

Copyright © 2013 Tejbir Singh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Gamma ray exposure buildup factor for some ceramics such as boron nitride (BN), magnesium diboride (MgB2), silicon carbide (SiC), titanium carbide (TiC) and ferrite (Fe3O4) has been computed using five parametric geometric progression (G.P.) fitting method in the energy range of 0.015 to 15.0 MeV, up to the penetration of 40 mean free path (mfp). The variation of exposure buildup factors for all the selected ceramics with incident photon energy, penetration depth, and chemical composition has been studied.

2- Journal of Ceramics

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 967264, 13 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/967264

Research Article

A Comprehensive Study on Gamma-Ray Exposure Build-Up Factors and Fast Neutron Removal Cross Sections of Fly-Ash Bricks

Vishwanath P. Singh1,2 and N. M. Badiger1

1Department of Physics, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580003, India

2Health Physics Section, Kaiga Atomic Power Station-3&4, NPCIL, Karwar 581400, India

Received 31 March 2013; Accepted 17 June 2013

Academic Editor: Shaomin Liu

Copyright © 2013 Vishwanath P. Singh and N. M. Badiger. This is an open access article distributed under theCreative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Geometric progression (GP) method was utilized to investigate gamma-ray exposure build-up factors of fly-ash bricks for energies from 0.015 to 15 MeV up to 40 mfp penetration depth. The EBFs of the fly-ash bricks are dependent upon the photon energy, penetration depths, and the chemical compositions of the elements. Appreciable variations in exposure build-up factor (EBF) are noted for the fly-ash bricks. The EBFs were found to be small in low and high photon energy regions whereas very large in medium energy region. EBF of the bricks is inversely proportional to equivalent atomic number below 10 mfp for entire energy region of interest 0.015 to 15 MeV. The EBFs of fly-ash, brick of mud, and common brick were similar at 1.5 MeV photon energy. The EBF of the fly-ash bricks was found to be higher than that of the brick of mud, and common brick. The fast neutron removal cross sections of the fly-ash bricks, brick of mud, and common bricks were also calculated which were found to be in the same order. It is expected that this study should be very directly useful for shielding effectiveness of fly-ash brick materials and dose estimation.

3-International Journal of Latest Research in Science and Technology ISSN (Online):2278-5299

Volume 2, Issue 5: Page No.73-77,September-October 2013

http://www.mnkjournals.com/ijlrst.htm

ISSN:2278-5299 73

INVESTIGATIONS OF MASS ATTENUATION

COEFFICIENTS AND ENERGY ABSORPTION BUILDUP

FACTORS OF SOME LOW-Z GAMMA RAY SHIELDING

MATERIALS

Balwinder Singh

1

, Vipan Kumar

1*

, Sukhwinder Singh

2

, Gurdeep Singh Sidhu

3

1Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Singhania University, Rajasthan - 333515, India

1*Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Singhania University, Rajasthan - 333515, India

2Department of Physics, Govt. College for Girls, Ludhiana, Punjab - 141001, India

3Department of Physics, Govt. Sports School Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab -151001, India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract- To check the gamma ray shielding properties of selected low-Z shielding materials such as bakelite, concrete, red sand shield

and white sand shield, some parameters of dosimetric interest have been investigated in the energy range 0.015ñ15.0 MeV. The photon

interactions with the samples have been discussed mainly in terms of mass attenuation coef icient, equivalent atomic number and energy absorption buildup factor. It has been observed that the shielding ef ectiveness of a sample is directly related to its ef ective atomic number. The shielding character of any sample is a function of the incident photon energy. Good shielding behaviour has been verified in white sand shield and red sand shield. The results have been shown graphically with more useful conclusions.

4-A semi-empirical approach to the geometric progression (GP) fitting approximation in estimating photon buildup factor in soft tissue, water, and dosimetric materials

ARTICLE in INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES 7(44):5852-5860 · JANUARY 2012 

ABSTRACT

Photon buildup factors for soft tissue, water, and dosimetric materials have been computed in the energy range of 0.2 to 2 MeV using geometric progression (GP) fitting approximation. The results for soft tissue and water have been compared with the values obtained through Monte Carlo code MCNP4C. Data obtained from GP fitting method quite well obey a semi empirical relation which is a function of penetration depth, Compton scattering and energy absorption cross section. With the help of this semi-empirical approximation, buildup factors for gamma and X-rays in soft tissue, water, and dosimetric materials consisting of elements Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N) and Oxygen (O), can be easily estimated in the energy range of 0.2 to 2 MeV up to penetration depths of 10 mfp.

Hoping this will be helpful,

Rafik

Attach papers for your answer