I am trying to determine the density of Al2O3–Cu/water hybrid nanofluid. I trying to take most of the data from literature because I do not have experimental setup.
1. With a given concentration by volume or by weight of the hybrid nano fluid eg. 0.1, how do I determine the concentration by volume of individual nano particle?
2. how can I determine the density of individual nano particle at different temperature. the temperature range for my simulation model (car radiator and micro heat sinks) are 40oC to 100 oC ?
Dear Sir, there are a lot of correlation in literature that are volume concentration and temperature dependent for nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids.
please, look at this comprehensive review and you will find what you are looking for.
"Hybrid nanofluids preparation, thermal properties, heat transfer and
friction factor – A review"
Best regards
https://www.sciencedirect.com/search?qs=thermophysical%20properties%20of%20hybrid%20nanofluid&show=25&sortBy=relevance
I strongly recommended the articles that attached by Mr. Md. Washim Akram
Thanks Mr. Alhassan, for asking an important question. I also had the same question.
I. Mixture rules for density and specific heat capacity of a suspension:
The following 'mixture rule' can allow us to estimate the specific heat capacity of the suspension (or slurry), Cp. having SI units J/(kg·K)), based at additive contributions of both the dispersed solid (S) particles (CpS) and of water (W) (or of solution or solvent; depending on dispersant phase), CpW: Cp ≈ (x·ρS·CpS + (1-x)·ρW·CpW)/ρ. Here, x denotes the volumetric fraction of dispersed solid; ρ, ρS, and ρW, stand for densities of suspension, dispersed solid, and dispersant phase, respectively.
Although smaller density tends to translate itself in higher heat capacity for the suspension, we must remind that both the quantities are interrelated because composition dependent.
The density of the suspension can also be estimated by a mixture rule, after the densities of dispersed solid and dispersant phase: ρ ≈ x·ρS + (1-x)·ρW.
Thus we may alternatively write Cp ≈ (x·ρS·CpS + (1-x)·ρW·CpW) / [x·ρS + (1-x)·ρW], showing how the specific heat capacity of the suspension is expected to depend on the volumetric fraction of dispersed solid.
We may alternatively want to estimate the specific heat capacity of the suspension based on the mass fraction (w) of dispersed solid, rather than on the volumetric fraction, as above; then: Cp ≈ w·CpS + (1-w)·CpW.
II. For a derivation of Brongniart’s formula ─ often used for ceramic slurries ─ and of other formulas relating slurry density with concentration, you may check my answers to another question at this forum: https://www.researchgate.net/post/Can_anyone_suggest_a_smart_way_to_calculate_volume_fraction_of_a_solid_ferrofluid_in_a_solvent_or_solids_fraction
III. Mixture rule for the thermal diffusivity of a suspension:
Let k (W/(m·K)) be the thermal conductivity of the suspension, while α = k/(ρ·cp) is its thermal diffusivity. Accordingly, let kW be the thermal conductivity of water (W) (or of solution or solvent; depending on dispersant phase), and let kS be the thermal conductivity of the dispersed solid (S) particles. For the corresponding thermal diffusivity (m2/s), we have αS = kS/(ρS·cpS) for dispersed solid, and αW = kW/(ρW·cpW), for dispersant phase. Units for (1/α)3/2 are (s3/2/m3); for a convenient volumetric basis. We may hence reasonably adopt the following mixture rule to predict the thermal diffusivity of the suspension:
(1/α)3/2 = (1/αS)3/2·x + (1/αW)3/2·(1-x)
where x denotes the volumetric fraction of dispersed solid (VS/V).
Elsewhere at this forum, I have suggested a mixture rule to estimate the thermal diffusivity for a composite after those of its components: https://www.researchgate.net/post/Why-the-thermal-diffusivity-of-polymer-composites-increases-with-filler-loading
IV. About the temperature dependence of density, specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity, you may want to check my posts at:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Is_the_thermal_diffusivity_of_a_material_temperature_dependent
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