Resistant cultivars though I have no clue what cultivar options there are in Morocco. The usefulness of these citations will depend on if you are interested in starting a research program to address the problem or if you want to plant 70,000 hectares tomorrow. You might consider contacting these authors directly.

Effectiveness of Genes for Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Resistance in the Southeastern United States. By: Shukle, Richard H.; Cambron, Sue E.; Moniem, Hossam Abdel; et al. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY   Volume: 109   Issue: 1   Pages: 399-405   Published: FEB 2016

A SNP marker for the selection of HfrDrd, a Hessian fly-response gene in wheat. By: Tan, Mui-Keng; El-Bouhssini, Mustapha; Emebiri, Livinus; et al. MOLECULAR BREEDING   Volume: 35   Issue: 11     Article Number: 216   Published: NOV 2015

Thank you Timothy for your answer. In fact, I was looking for alternatives other than resistant varieties and insecticides, because Moroccan INRA had developed some wheat varieties which are resistant to the fly in collaboration with American scientists with funding from USAI'D. 

In fact, I am trying wheat varieties mixtures under organic farming practices, and would like to try different proportions of sensitive and resistant varieties as some sensitive varieties are known to present a good quality for bread making.

So,  knowing about other ways to decrease the impact of cecidomye would help. I am looking for a paper showing that nitrogen management could help also.

All the best.

Conceptually:

Nutrition can be used, however the nutritional balance that harms the fly may also hurt yields to the point where it isn't worth doing. I know this has been studied, but I don't recall seeing any commercial success. The exception is that mulches can be used and an organic mulch would change plant nutrition amongst other things.

Intercropping can be used. The classic is planting corn and pumpkin. Under drought conditions you probably don't need another plant to consume water that you need for the wheat.

Induced defenses. This involved damaging the plants slightly, or spraying them with chemicals that elicit the induced defensive chemistries plants use to defend against herbivores.

Exogenous Salicylic Acid Enhances the Resistance of Wheat Seedlings to Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Infestation Under Heat Stress By: Underwood, Joshua; Moch, John; Chen, Ming-Shun; et al. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY   Volume: 107   Issue: 5   Pages: 2000-2004   Published: OCT 2014

Parasitoids might help. I did not find anything on predators or pathogens (fungal, or viral).

Interaction of parasitoids and resistant cultivars of wheat on Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor say (Cecidomyiidae). By: Knutson, AE; Rojas, EA; Marshal, D; et al. SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST   Volume: 27   Issue: 1   Pages: 1-10   Published: MAR 2002

At least in citrus people are trying RNAi. However, in citrus an individual plant has a high value.

You might engineer a wheat cultivar to be deficient in one essential amino acid. Alternatively you could engineer several cultivars that are deficient in one amino acid per cultivar. You then plant a mix of the different cultivars. The fly cannot easily move from plant-to-plant so it will have problems getting proper nutrition. The people will eat a mix of the different cultivars and therefore not have a problem.

Developing resistant plant to the pest is one of the durable concept or you may contact Dr Ming shun chen Kansas State University Manhattan USA who is en expert on hessian fly research

Thank you dear Shah Alam for your answer.

All the best.

Nasser.

 Dear Timothy,

Thank you very much for the follow up on my question. The ideas you suggested are interesting and I will consider including them in future experiments.

Actually, I thought of mixing resistant and sensitive varieties in variable proportions, as I am inetrested in securing good yield of sensitive varieties because of their quality aspects.

Kind regards.

Nasser

Hi: You can use the color traps or pheromone control.

Thank you Oadi. Your ideas are also interestings and worth experimenting.

Hi Alaoui

Many useful references 1

https://entomology.ces.ncsu.edu/2015/10/insecticide-seed-treatments-and-sprays-for-hessian-fly/

2

https://entomology.ces.ncsu.edu/2015/10/insecticide-seed-treatments-and-sprays-for-hessian-fly/

3

https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/ef155

4

http://extension.missouri.edu/p/g7180

5

https://www.no-tillfarmer.com/articles/4471-plan-now-to-minimize-hessian-fly-infestations-on-next-wheat-crop

6

https://academic.oup.com/jee/article-abstract/85/2/530/813647

7

http://www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Hessian-fly-CP-2005.pdf

8

https://www.utcrops.com/cotton/cotton_insects/pubs/PB1768-Wheat.pdf

9

https://www.uaex.edu/publications/pdf/mp404/Chapter8Wheat.pdf

10

https://books.google.iq/books?id=jlbrFB4mZUEC&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=control+(manage)+Hessian+fly+without+the+use+of+insecticides&source=bl&ots=893eqm4FvS&sig=roGnfDyQVY7kbTktYc5oxsl_kDc&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y

11

https://ag.tennessee.edu/EPP/Redbook/The%20Hessian%20Fly%20in%20Wheat.pdf

12

https://www.clemson.edu/extension/agronomy/smallgrains/hessianfly.pdf

13

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0824794338

14

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8180690369

15

https://www.southeastfarmpress.com/grains/hessian-fly-wheat-should-i-spray

16

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0309148960

17

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1849731497

18

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0851999360

19

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0813819237

20

https://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF2866.pdf

Dear Al Ani,

Many thanks for your answer and for the link to NC University website which contains interesting information.

NB. I am sorry for the late reaction. I didn't pay attention to your answer before today.

All the best.

Si Bennasser Alaoui

Dear Al-Ani,

I really appreciated your kindness for sharing these many interesting books and other documents.

Kind regards.

Si Bennasser