An application of nanofertilizers increases efficiency of the elements, minimizes their toxicity in the soil, and reduces the frequency of application. The nanofertilizer application leads to a gradual and controlled release of nutrients in the soil, and prevents eutrophication and pollution of water resources. Nanofertilizers offer benefits in nutrition management through their strong potential to increase nutrient use efficiency. Nutrients either applied alone or in combination, are bound to nano-dimensional adsorbents, which release nutrients very slowly as compared to conventional fertilizers. The advent of nanotechnology has reduced the use of hazardous chemical fertilizers and in turn has also led to an increased uptake of minerals by plant, leading to better crop growth and yield. The advent of nanotechnology has reduced the use of hazardous chemical fertilizers and in turn has also led to an increased uptake of minerals by plant, leading to better crop growth and yield. Nanofertilizers (NFs) are the best alternative to traditional chemical fertilizers. Nutrients use efficiency of NFs is higher than the conventional chemical fertilizers. NFs can increase the tolerance of plants against biotic and abiotic stresses. While conventional urea has an efficiency of about 25 %, the efficiency of liquid nano urea can be as high as 85-90 %. Nano fertilizer have large surface area and particle size less than the pore size of root and leaves of the plant which can increase penetration into the plant from applied surface and improve uptake and nutrient use efficiency of the nano-fertilizer.

Nano-fertilizers are of submicroscopic sizes, have a large surface area to volume ratio, can have nutrient encapsulation, and greater mobility hence they may increase plant nutrient access and crop yield. Due to these properties, nano-fertilizers are regarded as deliverable 'smart system of nutrients'.The advent of nanotechnology has reduced the use of hazardous chemical fertilizers and in turn has also led to an increased uptake of minerals by plant, leading to better crop growth and yield. Nano-fertilizers also reduce the crop cycle period and increase crop yield as the amendment of nanoparticles carrying NPK to wheat showed an increase in grain yield and reduced the crop cycle of wheat by 40 days. Nanofertilizers (NFs) are the best alternative to traditional chemical fertilizers. Nutrients use efficiency of NFs is higher than the conventional chemical fertilizers. NFs can increase the tolerance of plants against biotic and abiotic stresses. An application of nanofertilizers increases efficiency of the elements, minimizes their toxicity in the soil, and reduces the frequency of application. The nanofertilizer application leads to a gradual and controlled release of nutrients in the soil, and prevents eutrophication and pollution of water resources. Nanopesticides are used for treating pest-related diseases and to control weeds. In the food industry, the important application of nanopesticide includes food processing, packaging, and preservation. Nanopesticides can protect plants against phytopathogens, while nanofertilizers stimulate plant growth and ensure large-scale food production all over the world. In this chapter, popular nanofertilizers and nanopesticides and their applications on plants in practice were comprehensively introduced.