The amount of gypsum crystal formation when varying the water content in normal concrete or geopolymer concrete.
The water-to-cement (w/c) ratio plays a crucial role in gypsum formation when concrete is exposed to sulfuric acid by influencing porosity, hydration, and durability.
Effect of W/C Ratio on Gypsum Formation:
1. High W/C Ratio:
- Increased Porosity: More capillary pores allow deeper acid penetration, accelerating gypsum formation.
- Weak Matrix: Lower density and strength make concrete more vulnerable to acid attack.
- Faster Deterioration: Excessive gypsum leads to expansion, cracking, and structural failure.
2. Low W/C Ratio:
- Reduced Porosity: Denser concrete limits acid diffusion, reducing gypsum formation.
- Improved Resistance: Stronger matrix slows gypsum accumulation and acid damage.
Comparison: Normal vs. Geopolymer Concrete
- Normal Concrete: High calcium hydroxide content reacts with sulfuric acid to form gypsum, with more significant damage at higher w/c ratios.
- Geopolymer Concrete: Minimal calcium hydroxide reduces gypsum formation, offering better acid resistance even with increased water content.
Mitigation Strategies
- Use low w/c ratios and supplementary cementitious materials (e.g., fly ash, silica fume) to improve acid resistance.
- Consider geopolymer binders, which inherently resist gypsum formation and degradation.
In summary, a high w/c ratio exacerbates gypsum formation and concrete deterioration, while a lower ratio or alternative binders significantly enhance durability in acidic environments.
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