Temperature and molecular speed are tightly linked at the heart of many physical and chemical phenomena. Here's how they relate:

Temperature and Kinetic Energy:

• Temperature: It doesn't directly measure the speed of molecules but rather their average kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion.
• Kinetic energy: This energy depends on the mass and speed of the molecule. So, higher temperature indicates higher average kinetic energy, meaning molecules are generally moving faster on average.

Imagine molecules like tiny balls:

• When you heat the balls (increase temperature), you give them more energy. This makes them move faster and bounce around more vigorously.
• Similarly, heating molecules increases their average kinetic energy, making them move faster and collide more frequently.

Factors influencing the speed:

• Not all molecules are created equal: Even at the same temperature, there will be a distribution of speeds among the molecules. Some will be much faster, while others are slower.
• Temperature affects the distribution: As temperature increases, the entire distribution shifts towards higher speeds. More molecules have higher kinetic energy and move faster, but there are still slower ones.
• Mass matters: Even at the same temperature, lighter molecules generally move faster than heavier ones due to their lower mass.

Relationship to their state:

• In solids: Molecules vibrate around fixed positions, and temperature affects the amplitude of these vibrations. Higher temperature means larger vibrations, indirectly influencing their "effective speed."
• In liquids: Molecules have more freedom to move, but they're still close together. Temperature affects their translational motion (moving from place to place).
• In gases: Molecules are far apart and move freely. Temperature directly affects their average speed, influencing properties like pressure and diffusion.

In summary:

• Temperature and molecular speed are directly related. Higher temperature implies higher average kinetic energy and, generally, faster molecules.
• The relationship isn't absolute, as there's a distribution of speeds even at the same temperature.
• Mass and state of matter also play a role in how temperature affects their "effective speed."

The relationship between the speed of molecules or atoms in a material and the temperature of the material depends on the context. The simplest example is arguably an 'ideal' gas. Under conditions of sufficiently high temperature and moderate pressure, the gas can be modelled as a collection of tiny particles that move faster when the gas is hotter and slower when the gas is cooled.

The particles collide randomly within the gas, bouncing off each other, exchanging energy and momentum. Owing to the large number of particles and collisions, the relationship between the temperature of the gas and the speed of the particles within the gas is modelled statistically. In this case, the relationship is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. For a given temperature, the distribution gives the probability that a randomly selected particle has a speed which lies within a chosen range of speeds.

Dr Matthew J.P. Hodgson thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Increase in temperature increases the rate with which the particles collide with each others and with the walls of the container thereby increasing the speed. This process of collision inturn produce energy which will be inform of work done or increase in temperature in an exothermic reactions

Dr Grace Otobo thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Temperature directly affects the speed of movement of atoms and molecules. According to molecular kinetic theory, the higher the temperature, the higher the average kinetic energy of particles. This means that as the temperature increases, atoms and molecules begin to move faster.

There is a direct relationship between temperature and the root mean square velocity of particles. The formula for the root mean square velocity of a particle is related to its kinetic energy and mass.

Thus, as temperature increases, the mean square velocity of particles increases, which leads to more intense movement of atoms and molecules.

Dr Bakhodir Khonnazarovich Tursunbaev thank you for your contribution to the discussion

The temperature of a substance gives you information about the kinetic energy of its molecules. The faster the molecules of a substance move, the higher the kinetic energy, and the higher the temperature. The slower the molecules move, the lower the kinetic energy, and the lower the temperature. The temperature increases when molecules vibrate faster. The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which the vibration motion overcomes the forces of attraction holding the molecules in a solid formation. The speed of the molecules in a gas is proportional to the temperature and is inversely proportional to molar mass of the gas. In other words, as the temperature of a sample of gas is increased, the molecules speed up and the root mean square molecular speed increases as a result. Heating a substance makes its atoms and molecules move faster. This happens whether the substance is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. It's not easy to see it happen in a solid but let's try it for a liquid and a gas. The kinetic molecular theory can be used. Temperature is increased, so the average kinetic energy and the rms speed should also increase. This means that the gas molecules will hit the container walls more frequently and with greater force because they are all moving faster.Diffusion of molecule is inversely proportional to the temperature at higher temperatures, molecules move faster, colliding more constantly with other bodies. This collisions increase pressure. Lower temperatures have the opposite effect. Molecules move slower, colliding less and reducing pressure. At any temperature the atoms are wiggling back and forth like a classroom of third graders, and the temperature is directly a measure of the average kinetic energy of an atom. The atoms do not themselves have a temperature. The only effect that temperature has on them is how fast they move.

Rk Naresh Bakhodir Khonnazarovich Tursunbaev Grace Otobo Matthew J. P. Hodgson Murtadha Shukur

Temperature affects the speed of molecules through its influence on their kinetic energy. The relationship between temperature and the speed of molecules is described by the kinetic theory of gases, which states that the average kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas.

When the temperature of a substance increases, its molecules gain kinetic energy, causing them to move faster. This is because temperature represents the average kinetic energy of molecules in a substance. As molecules absorb heat energy, they undergo more rapid and energetic motion, resulting in an increase in their speed.

Conversely, when the temperature decreases, the molecules lose kinetic energy and their speed decreases accordingly. At lower temperatures, molecules have less energy to move and collide with each other, leading to slower motion.

In summary, the relationship between the temperature of atoms and molecules and their speed is direct: as temperature increases, the speed of molecules also increases, and as temperature decreases, the speed of molecules decreases. This relationship is fundamental to understanding the behavior of gases and the thermodynamic properties of materials.

Dr Rohit Kumar thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Molecules move faster when temperature increases and move slower when temperature decreases. The increased molecular movement causes solids, liquids, and gases to expand when heated. The opposite holds true when temperatures decrease. As the matter cools down, movement decreases, and the matter contracts. Increasing the temperature increases the average speed of the reactant molecules. As more molecules move faster, the number of molecules moving fast enough to react increases, which results in faster formation of products. With an increase in temperature, the particles gain kinetic energy and move faster. The actual average speed of the particles depends on their mass as well as the temperature heavier particles move more slowly than lighter ones at the same temperature. If temperature is increased and the volume remains constant, then the speed of the molecules will increase, and this will result in an increased rate of collisions on unit area of the walls of the vessel. In other words, the pressure will increase. The molecular kinetic theory, the higher the temperature, the higher the average kinetic energy of particles. This means that as the temperature increases, atoms and molecules begin to move faster. There is a direct relationship between temperature and the root mean square velocity of particles. In the kinetic theory of gasses, increasing the temperature of a gas increases in average kinetic energy of the molecules, causing increased motion. At any temperature the atoms are wiggling back and forth like a classroom of third graders, and the temperature is directly a measure of the average kinetic energy of an atom. Please note: The atoms do not themselves have a temperature. The only effect that temperature has on them is how fast they move. Heating a liquid increases the speed of the molecules. An increase in the speed of the molecules competes with the attraction between molecules and causes molecules to move a little further apart. Cooling a liquid decreases the speed of the molecules.On increasing the temperature, the kinetic energy of the particles increases, the particles vibrate more vigorously, and hence their speed increases. Increasing the temperature increases the average speed of the reactant molecules. As more molecules move faster, the number of molecules moving fast enough to react increases, which results in faster formation of products. Heating a substance makes its atoms and molecules move faster. This happens whether the substance is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. It's not easy to see it happen in a solid but let's try it for a liquid and a gas. An increase in temperature caused the water molecules to gain energy and move more rapidly, which resulted in water molecules that are farther apart and an increase in water volume.