(1) The rise in sea level leads to the backflow of seawater, threatens coastal protection projects, and has a significant impact on the interaction between groundwater and seawater.

(2) Precipitation and the northward movement of typhoons (in the Northern Hemisphere) can also pose serious threats and economic and property losses to some regions in the north.

Dr Ren Yupeng thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Climate change is likely to alter patterns of wind and water circulation in the ocean environment. Such changes may influence the vertical movement of ocean waters, increasing or decreasing the availability of essential nutrients and oxygen to marine organisms. Salty areas are becoming saltier and fresher areas less salty. Warmer water cannot contain the same amount of oxygen as cold water. As a result, oxygen from the oceans moves to the atmosphere. Increased thermal stratification may reduce the supply of oxygen from surface waters to deeper waters. Rising temperatures in the oceans affect marine organisms. Corals are particularly vulnerable to rising temperatures and ocean acidification can make it harder for shellfish and corals in the upper ocean to form shells and hard skeletons. We have also seen changes in occurrence of marine algae blooms. Rising temperatures in the oceans affect marine organisms. Corals are particularly vulnerable to rising temperatures and ocean acidification can make it harder for shellfish and corals in the upper ocean to form shells and hard skeletons. We have also seen changes in occurrence of marine algae blooms. Temperatures in the ocean range from just around freezing at the pole and in the deep waters, to tropical clear waters that are as warm as a bathtub. The average temperature of all oceans is about 39°F (4°C). Heat from the sun warms only the surface of the water. Deep down, oceans everywhere are cold and dark. Just as humans have preferred temperature ranges, so do many of the animals that call the ocean home. While marine mammals have been shown to be quite resilient to changing ocean conditions, the food that seals, sea lions, whales and dolphins depend on has been shown to change locations due to warming water. There are four main types of coastal processes: erosion, weathering, transportation and deposition. Erosion and weathering both breaks down the material, transportation moves it around, and deposition adds material to the landscape. Coastal landforms can be formed by erosion or deposition. In other words, it can either take materials away (erosion) or drop materials (deposition) to create something new. Erosion can happen by sea currents, waves, tides, wind, rain, weathering, mass movement, and gravity. The three principle marine processes that influence coasts are erosion, transportation and deposition. Erosion refers to the breaking down of the land by the force of waves.