How do matter and energy move through organisms and the environment and how does energy flow and matter move within the interior of the Earth?

Movement of Matter and Energy in Organisms and the Environment:

Sun as the energy source: The sun's energy (solar radiation) drives the movement of both matter and energy in ecosystems.

Producers capture energy: Plants and other organisms like algae use photosynthesis to convert sunlight into chemical energy stored in organic molecules (sugars). This energy can then be used for other processes like growth, reproduction, and cellular respiration.

Transfer through food webs: Consumers (animals) obtain energy by eating producers or other consumers. As one organism eats another, the organic matter and its stored energy are transferred up the food chain.

Decomposers and recycling: Dead organisms and waste products are broken down by decomposers like bacteria and fungi. This process releases nutrients and other elements back into the environment, making them available for producers to take up and restart the cycle.

Energy flow is one-directional: Unlike matter, which cycles, energy cannot be recycled. Some of it is lost as heat at each step of the food chain, ultimately escaping back into the environment.

Movement of Energy and Matter in the Earth's Interior:

Earth's heat sources: The Earth's internal heat comes from three main sources:Radioactive decay: The decay of radioactive elements in the Earth's core releases heat energy. Friction: The slow movement of tectonic plates rubbing against each other generates heat. Accretional heat: The residual heat left over from Earth's formation.

Convection currents: The internal heat drives convection currents in the Earth's mantle. Hot material rises, cools, and sinks, transferring heat towards the surface.

Plate tectonics: The movement of tectonic plates is driven by these convection currents. The movement of plates is responsible for continental drift, mountain formation, and volcanic activity.

Volcanic eruptions: When hot molten rock (magma) reaches the Earth's surface, it erupts as lava, releasing heat and gases into the atmosphere.

Heat transfer at crust and oceans: The Earth's internal heat also escapes through conduction and convection in the crust and oceans. This heat plays a role in shaping the Earth's surface features and regulating climate.

Key differences:

Directionality: Energy flow in ecosystems is one-directional, while in the Earth's interior, it can be cyclical (convection currents).
Mechanisms: The movement of matter and energy in organisms is driven by biological processes, while in the Earth's interior, it's driven by physical processes like heat and gravity.
Timescales: The movement of matter and energy in organisms happens on relatively short timescales, while in the Earth's interior, it occurs over millions or even billions of years.

Irene B. Teich

This question is not easy to be answered. In fact I see there several different questions to be answered:

How does matter / energy flow through organisms? But do you mean energy in form of suggar or as electro/magnetic wave?

How does matter / energy flow through the environment? How do you define "environment"? Do you think of an habitat or of everything between ground and stratosphere? Or do you think of the universe as environment?

How does matter / energy flow within the interior of Earth? Vulcanology might gives some answers to that.

"Die Zelle" (only in German) and GAIA might help to find sources to ask.

But I am not an expert.

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