A small scale seismic study perhaps. As a first step in locating favorable conditions for groundwater development, the hydrologist prepares geologic maps and cross sections showing the distribution and positions of the different kinds of rocks, both on the surface and underground. Some sedimentary rocks may extend many miles as aquifers of fairly uniform permeability. Other types of rocks may be cracked and broken and contain openings large enough to carry water. Types and orientation of joints or other fractures may be clues to obtaining useful amounts of groundwater. Some rocks may be so folded and displaced that it is difficult to trace them underground.... so basically  a status survey is to be carried out, keeping in mind the hazards associated with it., I read a paper like this were a group from Jharkhand were using Landsat-5 Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) data of band 2 and band 4 and false colour composite (FCC) of band 2, 3, 4 were interpreted visually to differentiate different hydromorphogeological units, i think the author was Basudeo Rai.

Dear Dr.K.Mophin Kani 

Extract from the USGS

To locate groundwater accurately and to determine the depth, quantity, and quality of the water, several techniques must be used, and a target area must be thoroughly tested and studied to identify hydrologic and geologic features important to the planning and management of the resource. The landscape may offer clues to the hydrologist about the occurrence of shallow groundwater. Conditions for large quantities of shallow groundwater are more favorable under valleys than under hills. In some regions--in parts of the arid Southwest, for example--the presence of "water-loving" plants, such as cottonwoods or willows, indicates groundwater at shallow to moderate depth. Areas where water is at the surface as springs, seeps, swamps, or lakes reflect the presence of groundwater, although not necessarily in large quantities or of usable quality.

Rocks are the most valuable clues of all. As a first step in locating favorable conditions for groundwater development, the hydrologist prepares geologic maps and cross sections showing the distribution and positions of the different kinds of rocks, both on the surface and underground. Some sedimentary rocks may extend many miles as aquifers of fairly uniform permeability. Other types of rocks may be cracked and broken and contain openings large enough to carry water. Types and orientation of joints or other fractures may be clues to obtaining useful amounts of groundwater. Some rocks may be so folded and displaced that it is difficult to trace them underground.

Next, a hydrologist obtains information on the wells in the target area. The locations, depth to water, amount of water pumped, and types of rocks penetrated by wells also provide information on groundwater. Wells are tested to determine the amount of water moving through the aquifer, the volume of water that can enter a well, and the effects of pumping on water levels in the area. Chemical analysis of water from wells provides information on quality of water in the aquifer.

With my best regards

Prof. Bachir ACHOUR

Dr Kani,there are several methodoligies both orthodox and non orthodox methods that have been used for groundwater exploration over the years. But, technically speaking, the method to be adopted for any scientific research depends first and foremost on the geology of the study area typically whether basement or sedimentary terrains. Which of this environment are you interested in? However, several methods which may include remote sensing, geological and geophysical methods may be used depending on the type of geological environment. (1) Such geophysical methods like :seismic refraction especially using 2-D and 3-D inversion processes. This method can be used both in the basement and sedimentary terrain; in the basement to map faults and ofcourse fault cross points and in the sedimentary area to map the top and base of the low velocity layer(LVL). (2) Direct current resistivity data is also very important in this regard.( 3) Induced polarization method can also be of help in certain areas.(4)Electromagnetic methods may also be of use.(5) The application of remote sensing can also be of immense help especially in basement areas where they may be used to map lineaments and ofcourse their cross points.

To further carry out research work to determine the potentials of such areas results from geophysical measurements can be used with together with any available well information to determine the hydraulic characteristics of such areas. Details of the method can be seen in key publications(Niwas and Singhal.,1981;Heigold et al.,1979,etc)

To locate groundwater accurately and to determine the depth, quantity, and quality of the water, several techniques must be used, and a target area must be thoroughly tested and studied to identify hydrologic and geologic features important to the planning and management of the resource. The landscape may offer clues to the hydrologist about the occurrence of shallow groundwater. Conditions for large quantities of shallow groundwater are more favorable under valleys than under hills. In some regions--in parts of the arid Southwest, for example--the presence of "water-loving" plants, such as cottonwoods or willows, indicates groundwater at shallow to moderate depth. Areas where water is at the surface as springs, seeps, swamps, or lakes reflect the presence of groundwater, although not necessarily in large quantities or of usable quality.

Rocks are the most valuable clues of all. As a first step in locating favorable conditions for groundwater development, the hydrologist prepares geologic maps and cross sections showing the distribution and positions of the different kinds of rocks, both on the surface and underground. Some sedimentary rocks may extend many miles as aquifers of fairly uniform permeability. Other types of rocks may be cracked and broken and contain openings large enough to carry water. Types and orientation of joints or other fractures may be clues to obtaining useful amounts of groundwater. Some rocks may be so folded and displaced that it is difficult to trace them underground.

Next, a hydrologist obtains information on the wells in the target area. The locations, depth to water, amount of water pumped, and types of rocks penetrated by wells also provide information on groundwater. Wells are tested to determine the amount of water moving through the aquifer, the volume of water that can enter a well, and the effects of pumping on water levels in the area. Chemical analysis of water from wells provides information on quality of water in the aquifer.

Groundwater is simply the subsurface water that fully saturates pores or cracks in soils and rocks. Aquifers are replenished by the seepage of precipitation that falls on the land, although they can be artificially replenished by people, also. There are many geologic, meteorologic, topographic, and human factors that determine the extent and rate to which aquifers are refilled with water.

Using geoelectric methods (eg. ERT) is possible to model the aquifer, determine volume of the aquifer and water table depth. Only we need to know the aquifer porosity. In the aquifer (100% saturation) porosity is equal to the groundwater content.

There are techniques to convert geoelectric sections into sections of petrophysical parameters, among them the porosity (see Delgado-Rodríguez O., M. Ladrón de Guevara-Torres, V. Shevnin and A. Ryjov (2012): Estimation of soil petrophysical parameters based on electrical resistivity values obtained from lab and in-field measurements. Geofísica Internacional, 51, 1, 5-15).

More simple, obtaining soil samples from aquifer and determining porosity in lab.

Dear Dr.

You can use different indicators such as spring, qanat, and well locations to map groundwater potential. For this purpose, you should use different influence factors including altitude, slope degree, slope aspect, TWI. SPI. and etc. You can use different models such as frequency ratio (FR), evidential belief function, and etc. 

You can use one of my papers for more information:

Best Regards

Article A Comparative Assessment Between Three Machine Learning Mode...

Thank you so much for all of your valuable recommendations for my question. I will be back to you after finding a particular mode of work.

Once again thank you all for all