By the way, about point 2.5, artifacts are small and identifyble by its area. My recomendation is select these artifcats in a border using a pointer, and then select by area and then identify them as you desire. Area calculation of each polygon can be make by the attribute table first creating an area item and the by assigning their value by instructions like GetArea(geometry) or area(geometry) or any instruction like the last.
INRE: "Accurate" and "Original": By original, do you mean the source that was used to produced the simplified map provided? A superficial examination would see that it is derived from or similar to https://bit.ly/37JKuD9 from https://certmapper.cr.usgs.gov/arcgis/rest/services/geology/arabian/MapServer ( shapefiles are available from the USGS )... I am not a geologist, but there are also derivatives of this base map, and the source(s) might also have been one of those.